Ultrafine Bubbles

Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
Preface
Chapter 1: History of Ultrafine Bubbles
	1.1: Characteristics of Ultrafine Bubbles, Microbubbles, and Fine Bubbles
	1.2: History of Microbubble Applications
		1.2.1: Froth Flotation
		1.2.2: Fine Bubbles for Ultrasonic Imaging inside Body
		1.2.3: Purification of Contaminated Water
		1.2.4: Enhancement of Growth of Oysters, Scallops, and Pearls
	1.3: Historical Background of Ultrafine Bubbles
		1.3.1: History of Academic Researches of Fine Bubbles in Two-Phase Flow
		1.3.2: Ultrapure Water Production System
	1.4: Various Challenges for Characteristic Clarification and Possible Application of Ultrafine Bubble
		1.4.1: First Measurement of Ultrafine Bubbles in Water
		1.4.2: Cleaning Effect of Ultrafine Bubbles for Minute Particle Contamination on Plate
		1.4.3: Shrinking Microbubbles and Ozone Microbubbles
		1.4.4: Transport of Solar Cell Wafers, Volume Reduction of Jellyfish Disposal, Vegetable Cultivation, and Purification of Soil
		1.4.5: Cleaning of Toilets in Expressway Service Stations and Cleaning of Salt-Stained Bridges
		1.4.6: Cleaning and Sanitizing of Vegetables, Enhancement of Vegetable Growth, Promotion of Seed Germination
	1.5: Systematic Scope of Historically Challenged Application Fields and Historical Progress Relating to Two Major Discussion Points by Academic Viewpoints
		1.5.1: Systematic Scope of Historically Challenged Application Fields
		1.5.2: Two Major Discussion Points of Ultrafine Bubbles
			1.5.2.1: Evidence on the existence of ultrafine bubbles
			1.5.2.2:  Hypothesis for the mechanism explaining the long-time existence of ultrafine bubbles in water
	1.6: Conclusion
Chapter 2: Introduction to Experiments
	2.1: Introduction
	2.2: Characteristics of Fine Bubbles
		2.2.1: Rising Velocity and Brownian Motion Velocity
		2.2.2: Brown Movement Velocity of Ultrafine Bubble
		2.2.3: Friction Coefficient of Microbubble Flow
		2.2.4: Specific Surface Area of Fine Bubbles
		2.2.5: Self-Pressurization Effect of Microbubbles
		2.2.6: Microbubble Shrinkage
		2.2.7: Surface Potential Characteristics of Microbubbles
	2.3: Generators of Fine Bubbles
		2.3.1: Generators of Microbubbles
		2.3.2: Microbubble Generation Technology
			2.3.2.1: Swirling liquid flow type
			2.3.2.2: Static mixer type
			2.3.2.3: Mechanical shear flow type
			2.3.2.4: Porous membrane type
			2.3.2.5: Ejector type
			2.3.2.6: Venturi type
			2.3.2.7: Pressurized dissolution type
			2.3.2.8: Heated oozing type
			2.3.2.9: Mixed steam condensation type
			2.3.2.10: Others
		2.3.3: Generators of Ultrafine Bubbles
		2.3.4: Ultrafine Bubble Generation Technology
			2.3.4.1: Pressurized dissolution type
			2.3.4.2: Swirling liquid flow type
			2.3.4.3: Static mixer type
			2.3.4.4:  Microporous membrane type with surfactant addition
			2.3.4.5: Ultrasonic irradiation
			2.3.4.6: Strong shaking
	2.4: Measurement of Ultrafine Bubbles
		2.4.1: Size and Number Concentration
			2.4.1.1: Particle tracking analysis
			2.4.1.2: Dynamic light scattering
			2.4.1.3: Laser diffraction and scattering method
			2.4.1.4: Coulter method
			2.4.1.5: Quick-freezing replica method
			2.4.1.6: Resonant mass measurement
		2.4.2: Zeta Potential
Chapter 3: Micro- and Ultrafine Bubbles Observed by Transmission Electron Microscopy Using Quick-Freeze Replica Technique
	3.1: TEM Observation of MBs by Quick-Freeze Replica Technique
	3.2: TEM Observation of UFBs by Quick-Freeze Replica Technique
	3.3: Conclusion
Chapter 4: Real UFB Sample Measurements:  A Few Cases
	4.1: Introduction
	4.2: Ultrafine Bubble Monitor
		4.2.1: Polystyrene Standard Particle
		4.2.2: UFB Water Preparation by Agitational Mixing Type Generator
		4.2.3: UFB Water with Contamination
	4.3: Measurement of UFB Using qNano
		4.3.1: UFB Water Provided by Keio University
		4.3.2: UFB Water Provided by Osaka University
		4.3.3: Commercially Available UFB Water
		4.3.4: UFB Water to Irrigate Lettuce at Plant Factory
	4.4: Human Safety Test of Ozone UFB Water
		4.4.1: Preparation of Ozone UFB Water
		4.4.2: In vitro Skin Irritation Test
	4.5: Conclusion
	4.6: Appendix
		4.6.1: Appendix A: UFB Obtained from Keio University
		4.6.2: Appendix B: UFB Obtained from Osaka University
Chapter 5: Theory of Ultrafine Bubbles
	5.1: Introduction
	5.2: Stability
		5.2.1: Reason for Skepticism
		5.2.2: Electrostatic Repulsion Model
		5.2.3: Skin Model
		5.2.4: Particle Crevice Model
		5.2.5: “Armored” Bubble Model
		5.2.6: Many-Body Model
		5.2.7: Dynamic Equilibrium Model
	5.3: Radical Formation
		5.3.1: Experimental Results
		5.3.2: Radical Formation during Cavitation
		5.3.3: Radical Formation in a Dissolving Bubble
		5.3.4: Radical Formation after Stopping Cavitation
	5.4: Surface Tension
		5.4.1: Experimental Results
		5.4.2: Theoretical Study
	5.5: Conclusion
Chapter 6: Study of Ultrafine Bubble Stabilization by Organic Material Adhesion
	6.1: Introduction
	6.2: Model of Stabilization Mechanism
	6.3: Experimental Method
	6.4: Results
		6.4.1: UFB Generation Number Dependency
		6.4.2: Effect of Addition of Organic Material on UFB Concentration
		6.4.3: UFB Analysis by TEM and Resonant Mass Measurement
	6.5: Consideration on UFB Stabilization Mechanism
	6.6: Conclusion
Chapter 7: Cleaning with Ultrafine Bubble Water
	7.1: Introduction
	7.2: Interfacial Energy
		7.2.1: Surface Tension and Interfacial Tension
		7.2.2: Wettability and Contact Angle
		7.2.3: Free Energy Change of Adhesion and Desorption of Dirt
	7.3: Fine Bubble Cleaning
		7.3.1: Microbubble Cleaning
		7.3.2: Ultrafine Bubble Cleaning
Chapter 8: Biological Effects and Applications of Ultrafine Bubbles
	8.1: Introduction
	8.2: Effects of UFBs on Plants
		8.2.1: Promotion of Germination and Sprout Growth by Oxygen UFB Water
		8.2.2: Promotion of Crop Growth by O2UFB Water
	8.3: Effects of UFB on Cells and Organisms of Animals
		8.3.1: Maintenance of Cells or Tissues in Animals by Delivery of Oxygen
		8.3.2: Stimulation of Cells by Ozone UFB Water
		8.3.3: Cancer Radiotherapy
	8.4: Plasmonic Nanobubbles
		8.4.1: Basic Principles of PNB
		8.4.2: Cell Theranostics with PNBs
	8.5: Conclusion
Chapter 9: Recent Trends in Application of Encapsulated Ultrafine Bubbles in Medicine
	9.1: Introduction
	9.2: Ultrasound Contrast Agents
	9.3: Microbubble for Drug Delivery
	9.4: The Smaller the Better
	9.5: Drug-Delivery Systems
		9.5.1: Chemotherapy
		9.5.2: Cardiovascular Applications
		9.5.3: Bacteriological Applications
	9.6: Oxygen Carriers
	9.7: Gene Therapy
	9.8: Ultrasound Imaging
	9.9: High-Intensity Focused Ultrasound
	9.10: Limitations
	9.11: Conclusion
Chapter 10: Dental Application of Ozone Ultrafine Bubble Water
	10.1: Periodontal Therapy
		10.1.1: Periodontitis
		10.1.2: Periodontal Treatment
		10.1.3: Ozone Treatment
		10.1.4: OUFBW in Periodontal Treatment
	10.2: Therapy for Peri-implantitis
	10.3: Future Prospects
		10.3.1: Induction of Cellular Signaling Involved in Oxidative Stress Responses in Human Periodontal Ligament Fibroblasts
		10.3.2: Wound Healing Effects via Modification of Inflammation
	10.4: Epilegomena
Chapter 11: Preservability of Ultrafine Bubbles
	11.1: Introduction
	11.2: Generation of Ultrafine Bubbles
	11.3: Characterization of UFBs
	11.4: Storage of UFBs Dispersed in Bulk Water
	11.5: Chronological Changes in UFB Properties during ATCT Storage
		11.5.1: Number Concentration
		11.5.2: Verification of Existence of Gas-Filled Bubbles
		11.5.3: Mean Diameter
		11.5.4: Zeta Potential
	11.6: Influence of Storing Conditions on Chronological Changes in UFB Properties
		11.6.1: Influence of Air inside Container
		11.6.2: Influence of Aeration
	11.7: Influence of Container Materials on Chronological Changes in UFB Properties
		11.7.1: Preserving Property of Polymer Pouch in Storage of UFB Water
		11.7.2: Interaction between Container Materials and UFBs
	11.8: Difference in Temporal Change of Number Concentration of UFBs between Different Generation Principles
	11.9: Summary
Index