Two-Dimensional Nanomaterials Based Polymer Nanocomposites: Processing, Properties and Applications

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Two-Dimensional Nanomaterials Based Polymer Nanocomposites: Processing, Properties and Applications
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Contents
Preface
Part 1: Classifications, Synthesis Methods and Surface Modification of Two Dimensional Nanomaterials
	1. Introduction to Two-Dimensional Nanomaterials: Discovery, Types and Classifications, Structure, Unique Properties, and Applications
		Abstract
		1.1 Introduction
		1.2 Types of Two-Dimensional (2D) Nanomaterials or Particles
			1.2.1 Layered van der Waals Solids
			1.2.2 Layered Ionic Solids
			1.2.3 Surface-Assisted Non-Layered Solids
		1.3 Examples of Two-Dimensional (2D) Nanomaterials
			1.3.1 Graphene
			1.3.2 Hexagonal Boron Nitride (h-BN)
			1.3.3 Transition Metal Dichalcogenides (TMDCs)
			1.3.4 Transition Metal Oxides (TMOs)
			1.3.5 Black Phosphorus
			1.3.6 Graphitic Carbon Nitride
			1.3.7 MXenes
			1.3.8 Silicene and Germanene
			1.3.9 Metal–Organic Frameworks (MOFs)
			1.3.10 Covalent Organic Frameworks
			1.3.11 Layered Double Hydroxides
			1.3.12 Layered Nanoclays
		1.4 Structural Modifications in 2D Nanomaterials
			1.4.1 Defects
				1.4.1.1 Point Defects
					1.4.1.1.1 Stone–Wales Defect
					1.4.1.1.2 Vacancy Defects
					1.4.1.1.3 Adatoms
					1.4.1.1.4 Substitutions
				1.4.1.2 Line Defects
					1.4.1.2.1 Grain Boundary
					1.4.1.2.2 Edge Defects
			1.4.2 Dopants
				1.4.2.1 Substitutional Doping
				1.4.2.2 Surface Doping
			1.4.3 Alloying
			1.4.4 Number of Layers
			1.4.5 Strain
		1.5 Properties of 2D Nanomaterials
			1.5.1 Electrical Properties
			1.5.2 Thermal Properties
			1.5.3 Mechanical and Plasmonic Properties
			1.5.4 Magnetic Properties
			1.5.5 Piezoelectric Properties
			1.5.6 Optical Properties
			1.5.7 Lubricant Properties
			1.5.8 Dielectric Properties
		1.6 Applications of 2D Nanomaterials
			1.6.1 Electrochemistry
				1.6.1.1 Energy Storage and Conversion
			1.6.2 Biomedical Application
				1.6.2.1 Tissue Engineering and Gene Delivery
				1.6.2.2 Cancer Therapeutics
				1.6.2.3 Biosensing and Bioimaging
			1.6.3 Environmental Applications
			1.6.4 Gas Sensing
		1.7 Conclusion
		References
	2. Synthesis Approaches, Designs, and Processing Methods of Two-Dimensional Nanomaterials
		Abstract
		2.1 Introduction
		2.2 Descriptions of Terms Associated with Nanomaterials
		2.3 2D Nanomaterial Assembly and Nanostructure
		2.4 Approaches for the Synthesis of 2-Dimensional Nanomaterials
			2.4.1 Exfoliation Approach
			2.4.2 Micromechanical Exfoliation
			2.4.3 Ultrasonic Exfoliation
			2.4.4 Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD)
			2.4.5 Solvothermal and Hydrothermal Methods
			2.4.6 Processing and Applications of 2D Nanomaterials
				2.4.6.1 Synthesis and Processing Strategies of Graphene Oxide
					2.4.6.1.1 Modified Hummers Method of GO Synthesis
				2.4.6.2 Synthesis and Processing Strategies of Graphene Nanoplatelets
				2.4.6.3 Synthesis and Processing Strategies for Graphene Nanosheets
				2.4.6.4 Synthesis of Hexagonal Boron Nitride Films (h-BN)
				2.4.6.5 Synthesis of Layered Silicates (Nanoclay)
				2.4.6.6 Synthesis of Layered Double Hydroxide (LDH)
				2.4.6.7 Synthesis of Graphene-Transition Metal Oxides (TMO)
				2.4.6.8 Synthesis of Metal–Organic Frameworks (MOFs)
				2.4.6.9 Synthesis of Covalent Organic Frameworks (COFs)
				2.4.6.10 Synthesis of Transition Metal Dichalcogenides (TMDs)
				2.4.6.11 Synthesis of Black Phosphorus
				2.4.6.12 Synthesis of Silicene
		2.5 Perspective and Conclusions
		References
	3. Enhancing 2D Nanomaterials via Surface Modifications
		Abstract
		3.1 Introduction
		3.2 Chemical Modifications
			3.2.1 Covalent Modification
				3.2.1.1 Oxidation
				3.2.1.2 Hydrogenation
				3.2.1.3 Halogenation
				3.2.1.4 Electrostatic Interactions
				3.2.1.5 Esterification
				3.2.1.6 Carboxylation
				3.2.1.7 Silylation
				3.2.1.8 Radical Reactions
				3.2.1.9 Cycloaddition
				3.2.1.10 Polymers
				3.2.1.11 Other Covalent Functionalization
			3.2.2 Non-Covalent Functionalization
				3.2.2.1 Hydrogen Bonding
				3.2.2.2 π–π Stacking Interactions
				3.2.2.3 Cation–π Interactions
			3.2.3 Stabilization in an Ionic Medium
			3.2.4 In Situ Modification of Nanosheets
		3.3 Physical Modifications
		3.4 Plasma Technique
		3.5 Challenges and Future Trends
			3.5.1 Dispersibility
			3.5.2 Exfoliation
			3.5.3 Electrical Conductivity
			3.5.4 Biocompatibility
			3.5.5 Cost
		3.6 Conclusions
		References
Part 2: Properties and Characterizations of Two Dimensional Nanomaterials
	4. Spectroscopic and Microscopic Investigations of 2D Nanomaterials
		Abstract
		4.1 Introduction
		4.2 Spectroscopic Investigation of 2D Nanomaterials
			4.2.1 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Spectroscopy
			4.2.2 Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy
			4.2.3 X-Ray Diffraction (XRD)
			4.2.4 Ultraviolet–Visible (UV–Vis) Spectroscopy
			4.2.5 Fluorescence Spectroscopy
			4.2.6 X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS)
			4.2.7 Raman Spectroscopy
		4.3 Microscopic Investigation of 2D Nanomaterials
			4.3.1 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)
			4.3.2 Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM)
			4.3.3 Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM)
			4.3.4 Optical Microscopy
		4.4 Conclusion
		References
	5. Structural, Optical, and Electronic Properties of Two-Dimensional Nanomaterials
		Abstract
		5.1 Introduction
		5.2 Classification of 2D Materials
			5.2.1 Layered van der Waals Solids
			5.2.2 Layered Ionic Solids
			5.2.3 Surface-Aided Non-Layered Solids
		5.3 Properties of 2D Nanomaterials
			5.3.1 Graphene Oxide
				5.3.1.1 Structural Properties
				5.3.1.2 Optical Properties
				5.3.1.3 Electronic Properties
			5.3.2 MXenes
				5.3.2.1 Structural Properties
				5.3.2.2 Optical Properties
				5.3.2.3 Electronic Properties
			5.3.3 Transition Metal Di-Chalcogenides
				5.3.3.1 Structural Properties
				5.3.3.2 Optical Properties
				5.3.3.3 Electronic Properties
			5.3.4 Silicene
				5.3.4.1 Structural Properties
				5.3.4.2 Optical Properties
				5.3.4.3 Electronic Properties
			5.3.5 Black Phosphorus
				5.3.5.1 Structural Properties
				5.3.5.2 Optical Properties
				5.3.5.3 Electronic Properties
			5.3.6 Metal–Organic Frameworks
				5.3.6.1 Structural Properties
				5.3.6.2 Optical Properties
			5.3.7 Covalent Organic Frameworks
				5.3.7.1 Structural Properties
				5.3.7.2 Optical Properties
			5.3.8 Transition Metal Oxides
				5.3.8.1 Structural Properties
				5.3.8.2 Optical Properties
				5.3.8.3 Electronic Properties
			5.3.9 Hexagonal Boron Nitride
				5.3.9.1 Structural Properties
				5.3.9.2 Optical Properties
				5.3.9.3 Electronic Properties
			5.3.10 Additional Properties
				5.3.10.1 Mechanical Properties
				5.3.10.2 Thermal Properties
				5.3.10.3 Electric Properties
				5.3.10.4 Piezoelectric Properties
				5.3.10.5 Magnetic Properties
		5.4 Future Prospects
		5.5 Conclusion
		Acknowledgments
		References
	6. Electrical, Mechanical, and Thermal Properties of Two-Dimensional Nanomaterials
		Abstract
		6.1 Introduction
		6.2 Structures of 2D NMs
		6.3 Synthesis and Design of 2D NMs
		6.4 Characteristics of 2D NMs
			6.4.1 Electrical Properties
			6.4.2 Mechanical Properties
			6.4.3 Thermal Properties
		6.5 Role of Electrical, Mechanical, and Thermal Properties of 2D NMs for Various Applications
		Conclusion
		References
Part 3: Processing Methods and Properties of Two Dimensional Nanomaterials-Based Polymer Nanocomposites
	7. Two-Dimensional Nanomaterial-Based Polymer Nanocomposites: Processing Methods, Properties, and Applications
		Abstract
		7.1 Introduction
		7.2 Synthesis and Processing Methods of 2D Nanomaterial-Based Polymer Composites
			7.2.1 In Situ Polymerization
			7.2.2 Melt-Mixing/Blending
			7.2.3 Solution Blending
		7.3 Properties of 2D Nanomaterial-Based Polymer Nanocomposites
			7.3.1 Mechanical Properties
			7.3.2 Electrical Properties
			7.3.3 Thermal Properties
			7.3.4 Optical Properties
			7.3.5 Magnetic Properties
			7.3.6 Biological Properties
		7.4 Applications of 2D Nanomaterial-Based Polymer Nanocomposites
			7.4.1 2D Nanomaterial-Based Polymer Nanocomposites as Flame-Retardant Materials
			7.4.2 2D Nanomaterial-Based Polymer Nanocomposites in Energy Storage
			7.4.3 2D Nanomaterial-Based Polymer Nanocomposites in Water Treatment
			7.4.4 2D Nanomaterial-Based Polymer Nanocomposites in Optoelectronics
			7.4.5 2D Nanomaterial-Based Polymer Nanocomposites for Dielectric Applications
			7.4.6 2D Nanomaterial-Based Polymer Nanocomposites in Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) Shielding
			7.4.7 2D Nanomaterial-Based Polymer Nanocomposites in the Biomedical Field
		7.5 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
		References
	8. Structural, Morphological, and Electrical Properties of Two-Dimensional Nanomaterial-Based Polymer Nanocomposites
		Abstract
		8.1 Introduction
		8.2 Polymer Nanocomposites
		8.3 Two-Dimensional Nanomaterials
		8.4 Two-Dimensional Nanomaterial-Based Polymer Nanocomposites
			8.4.1 Properties
				8.4.1.1 Structural Properties
				8.4.1.2 Morphological Properties
				8.4.1.3 Electrical Properties
			8.4.2 Recent Advances
		8.5 Conclusion
		References
	9. Thermal, Mechanical, and Viscoelastic Properties of Two-Dimensional Nanomaterial-Based Polymer Nanocomposites
		Abstract
		9.1 Introduction
		9.2 Thermal Properties of Two-Dimensional Nanomaterial-Based Polymer Nanocomposites
			9.2.1 Transition Temperature
				9.2.1.1 Graphene-Based Polymer Composites
				9.2.1.2 Graphene Oxide-Based Polymer Composites
			9.2.2 Thermal Conductivity
				9.2.2.1 Graphene-Based Polymer Composites
				9.2.2.2 Graphene Oxide-Based Polymers
				9.2.2.3 TC of rGO/Polymer Composites
				9.2.2.4 Hexagonal-Boron Nitride (h-BN)/Polymer Composites
		9.3 Mechanical Properties of Two-Dimensional Nanomaterial-Based Polymer Nanocomposites
			9.3.1 Mechanical Properties of 2D Nanomaterial-Based Nanocomposites
			9.3.2 Mechanical Properties of Pristine 2D Nanomaterials
			9.3.3 Mechanical Properties of 2D Nanomaterials/Polymer Nanocomposites
				9.3.3.1 Effect of Defects
				9.3.3.2 Effect of 2D Nanomaterials’ Aspect Ratio
				9.3.3.3 Effect of 2D Nanomaterial Exfoliation Level
				9.3.3.4 Effect of the Interface Layer
		9.4 Viscoelastic Properties of Two-Dimensional Nanomaterial-Based Polymer Nanocomposites
		9.5 Conclusion and Outlook
		References
Part 4: Applications of Two Dimensional Nanomaterials-Based Polymer Nanocomposites
	10. Two-Dimensional Nanomaterial-Based Polymer Nanocomposites for Supercapacitor Applications
		Abstract
		10.1 Introduction
		10.2 Synthesis of Two-Dimensional Nanomaterials/Polymer Nanocomposites
		10.3 Different Types of 2D Nanomaterial-Based Polymer Nanocomposites
			10.3.1 Clay/Polymer Nanocomposites
			10.3.2 Graphene and Its Derivatives/Polymer Nanocomposites
			10.3.3 Transition Metal Dichalcogenides (TMDs)/Polymer Nanocomposites
			10.3.4 Boron Nitride/Polymer Nanocomposites
		10.4 Two-Dimensional Nanomaterial-Based Polymer Nanocomposites for Supercapacitor Applications
			10.4.1 Graphene/Polymer Nanocomposites
			10.4.2 Boron Nitride/Polymer Nanocomposites
			10.4.3 Transition Metal Dichalcogenide/Polymer Nanocomposites
			10.4.4 Metal–Organic Framework (MOF)/Polymer Nanocomposites
			10.4.5 MXene-Based Polymer Nanocomposites
			10.4.6 Other Two-Dimensional Nanomaterial-Based Polymer Nanocomposites
		10.5 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
		10.6 Acknowledgment
		References
	11. Two-Dimensional Nanomaterial‑Based Polymer Nanocomposites for Rechargeable Lithium-Ion Batteries
		Abstract
		11.1 Introduction
		11.2 Basic Concept of LIBs
			11.2.1 Cathode Electrode
				11.2.1.1 Layered Transition Metal Oxides (TMOs)
				11.2.1.2 Manganese-Based Spinel (LiMn2O4)
				11.2.1.3 Polyanionic Materials
				11.2.1.4 Organic Electrode Materials
			11.2.2 Anode Electrode Materials
				11.2.2.1 Lithium Alloys
				11.2.2.2 Transition Metal Oxides (TMOs)
				11.2.2.3 Electrolytes
		11.3 Cell Voltage
		11.4 Polymer-Based Flexible Electrodes
			11.4.1 Conducting Polymer Used as Flexible Electrodes
				11.4.1.1 Merits and Demerits of Conducting Polymers
			11.4.2 Non-Conducting Polymer (NCP)-Based Flexible Electrodes
				11.4.2.1 Merits and Demerits of Non-Conducting Polymers
		11.5 Factors Affecting the Performance of Flexible Electrodes
			11.5.1 Morphology
			11.5.2 Physical Factors
			11.5.3 Operational Factors
			11.5.4 Chemical and Stability Factors
			11.5.5 Thermal Effect
		11.6 Two-Dimensional (2D) Materials
		11.7 Two-Dimensional (2D) Materials for LIBs
			11.7.1 Graphene
			11.7.2 Transition Metal Oxides (TMO)
			11.7.3 Transition Metal Dichalcogenides
			11.7.4 MXene
			11.7.5 Covalent Organic Frameworks (COFs)
			11.7.6 Hexagonal Boron Nitride (hBN)
			11.7.7 Metal–Organic Framework (MOFs)
			11.7.8 Black Phosphorus (BP)
		11.8 Conclusions
		References
	12. Two-Dimensional Nanomaterials-Based Polymer Nanocomposites for Solar Energy Applications
		Abstract
		12.1 Introduction
		12.2 2D Nanomaterials-Based PNCs
			12.2.1 Graphene-Based PNCs
			12.2.2 Graphene Oxide-Based PNCs
			12.2.3 Graphene Nanoplatelets-Based PNCs
			12.2.4 Graphene Nanosheets-Based PNCs
			12.2.5 MXene-Based PNCs
			12.2.6 COFs-Based PNCs
			12.2.7 Black Phosphorus-Based PNCs
			12.2.8 Layered Double Hydroxides-Based PNCs
			12.2.9 Nanoclays-Based PNCs
			12.2.10 2D Transition Metal Oxides (TMO)-Based PNCs
				12.2.10.1 Titanium Dioxide (TiO2)-Based PNCs
				12.2.10.2 Tin Oxide (SnO2)-Based PNCs
				12.2.10.3 Zirconium Dioxide (ZrO2)-Based PNCs
				12.2.10.4 Cobalt Oxide (Co3O4)-Based PNCs
				12.2.10.5 Zinc Oxide (ZnO)-Based PNCs
			12.2.11 2D Transition Metal Dichalcogenides-Based PNCs
				12.2.11.1 Molybdenum Sulfide (MoS2)-Based PNCs
				12.2.11.2 Ferrous Sulfide (FeS2)-Based PNCs
				12.2.11.3 Tungsten Sulfide (WS2)-Based PNCs
				12.2.11.4 Cadmium Sulfide (CdS)-Based PNCs
				12.2.11.5 Molybdenum Diselenide (MoSe2)-Based PNCs
				12.2.11.6 Tungsten Diselenide (WSe2)-Based PNCs
				12.2.11.7 Cobalt Selenide (CoSe)-Based PNCs
			12.2.12 2D Hexagonal Boron Nitride-Based PNCs
			12.2.13 2D Metal Organic Framework-Based PNCs
		12.3 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
		References
	13. Two-Dimensional Nanomaterials-Based Polymer Nanocomposites for Fuel Cell Applications
		Abstract
		13.1 Introduction to Fuel Cell Technology
		13.2 Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC)
			13.2.1 Principles of PEM, Their Structure, and Operation
			13.2.2 Nafion PEMs
			13.2.3 Alternative PEMs to Nafion
				a) Perfluorinated Ionomers
				b) Partially Fluorinated Ionomers
				c) Non-Fluorinated Ionomer
				d) Acid-Base Complexes
				e) Other Alternatives
		13.3 Nanocomposite PEMs Based on 2D Nanofillers
			13.3.1 Graphene-Based Nanocomposite PEMs
			13.3.2 Clay-Based Nanocomposite PEMs
			13.3.3 Nanocomposite PEMs Based on Other Layered Nanofillers
			13.3.4 Alignment of 2D Nanomaterial for Fabricating Nanocomposite PEM
			13.3.5 Modification of 2D Nanomaterials for Fabricating Nanocomposite PEMs
		13.4 Membrane Preparation Techniques
			13.4.1 Ex-Situ Methods
				13.4.1.1 Blending
				13.4.1.2 Electrospinning Method
				13.4.1.3 Layer-by-Layer (LBL) Method
			13.4.2 In-Situ Methods
				13.4.2.1 Infiltration Method
				13.4.2.2 Sol-Gel Method
		13.5 Characterization Techniques
		13.6 Conclusions and Outlooks
		References
	14. High-k Dielectrics Based on Two-Dimensional Nanomaterials-Filled Polymer Nanocomposites
		Abstract
		14.1 Introduction
		14.2 2D Dielectric Nanomaterials
			14.2.1 Graphene
				14.2.1.1 Graphene Oxide (GO)
				14.2.1.2 Graphene Nanosheets (GNs)
			14.2.2 Hexagonal Boron Nitride (h-BN)
			14.2.3 Layered Silicate (Clay)
			14.2.4 Layered Double Hydroxides (LDHs)
			14.2.5 Transition Metal Oxides (TMO)
			14.2.6 Metal Organic Frameworks (MOFs)
			14.2.7 Transition Metal Dichalcogenides (TMDs)
			14.2.8 Black Phosphorous (BP)
			14.2.9 Silicene
			14.2.10 MXenes
		14.3 Factors Affecting the Properties of High-k Polymer Nanocomposites with 2D Fillers
			14.3.1 Superiority of High-Aspect-Ratio Filler
			14.3.2 Role of Surface Functionalization of 2D Nanofiller
			14.3.3 Effect of Microstructure of 2D Filler
			14.3.4 Synergistic Effect of 2D Filler and Other Filler
		14.4 Application of High-k Dielectric Polymer Nanocomposites
		14.5 Dielectric Performance of Various 2D Nanomaterials-Based Polymer Nanocomposites
		References
	15. Two-Dimensional Nanomaterials-Based Polymer Nanocomposites for Catalytic and Photocatalytic Applications
		Abstract
		15.1 Introduction
		15.2 Characteristics of 2D Nanomaterials
		15.3 Synthesis and Fabrication of 2D Materials-Based Polymer Nanocomposites
		15.4 Catalysis and/or Photocatalysis of 2D Materials-Based Polymer Nanocomposites
			15.4.1 Catalysis with Semiconductors
			15.4.2 Catalysis with Graphene and its Derivatives
			15.4.3 Catalysis with MXene
			15.4.4 Catalysis with LDH
			15.4.5 Catalysis with TMD
			15.4.6 Catalysis with Clay Minerals
			15.4.7 Catalysis with h-BN
			15.4.8 Catalysis with MOFs
			15.4.9 Catalysis with TMOs
		15.5 Conclusion and Future Prospective
		References
	16. Two-Dimensional Nanomaterials-Based Polymer Nanocomposites for Biomedical Applications
		Abstract
		16.1 Introduction
		16.2 2D Nanomaterials-Based PNCs
			16.2.1 Graphene-Based PNCs
			16.2.2 LDH-Based PNCs
			16.2.3 Clay-Based PNCs
			16.2.4 h-BN Nanosheets-Based PNCs
			16.2.5 MXenes-Based PNCs
			16.2.6 MOFs-Based PNCs
			16.2.7 g-C3N4-Based PNCs
			16.2.8 TMD-Based PNCs
			16.2.9 BP-Based PNCs
			16.2.10 TMO Based PNCs
			16.2.11 COF-Based PNCs
		16.3 Biomedical Applications of 2D Nanomaterials-Based PNCs
			16.3.1 Application in Drug Delivery
			16.3.2 Application in Wound Healing
			16.3.3 Application in Tissue Engineering
			16.3.4 Application in Gene Therapy
			16.3.5 Application in Biosensing
		16.4 Conclusions
		Acknowledgements
		References
	17. Two-Dimensional Nanomaterials-Based Polymer Nanocomposites for Tissue Engineering Applications
		Abstract
		Abbreviations
		17.1 Introduction
		17.2 2D Nanomaterials-Based Polymer Nanocomposites for Tissue Engineering Applications
			17.2.1 Graphene/Polymer Nanocomposites
			17.2.2 Graphene Oxide/Polymer Nanocomposites
			17.2.3 Graphene/Polymer Nanocomposites
			17.2.4 Hexagonal Boron Nitride/Polymer Nanocomposites
			17.2.5 Nanoclay/Polymer Nanocomposites
			17.2.6 Layered Double Hydroxides/Polymer Nanocomposites
			17.2.7 Transition Metal Oxide/Polymer Nanocomposite
			17.2.8 Metal–Organic Frameworks/Polymer Nanocomposites
			17.2.9 Covalent Organic Frameworks/Polymer Nanocomposites
			17.2.10 Transition Metal Dichalcogenides/Polymer Nanocomposite
			17.2.11 Black Phosphorous/Polymer Nanocomposite
			17.2.12 MXene/Polymer Nanocomposite
		17.3 Conclusions and Future Perspectives
		References
	18. Antibacterial and Drug Delivery Applications of Two-Dimensional Nanomaterials-Based Polymer Nanocomposites
		Abstract
		18.1 Introduction
		18.2 Graphene-Based Polymer Nanocomposite
		18.3 Graphene Nanosheet-Based Polymer Nanocomposite
		18.4 MXene-Based Polymer Nanocomposite
		18.5 Nanoclay-Based Polymer Nanocomposite
		18.6 LDH-Based Polymer Nanocomposite
		18.7 Black Phosphorus-Based Polymer Nanocomposite
		18.8 Boron Nitride-Based Polymer Nanocomposite
		18.9 g-C3N4-Based Polymer Nanocomposite
		18.10 TMD-Based Polymer Nanocomposite
		18.11 MOF-Based Polymer Nanocomposite
		18.12 COF-Based Polymer Nanocomposite
		18.13 Concluding Remarks
		Acknowledgement
		References
	19. Two-Dimensional Nanomaterials-Based Polymer Nanocomposite Membranes for Liquid and Gas Separation
		Abstract
		19.1 Introduction
		19.2 2D Nanomaterials
		19.3 Classification of 2D Nanomaterial
		19.4 Development of Polymer Nanocomposite Membranes
			19.4.1 Interfacial Polymerization
			19.4.2 Blending
			19.4.3 In-Situ Growth
			19.4.4 Layer by Layer
		19.5 Applications of Polymer Nanocomposite Membranes
			19.5.1 Liquid Separation
				19.5.1.1 Water Desalination
				19.5.1.2 Biomedical Applications
				19.5.1.3 Ion Sieving
				19.5.1.4 Organic Solvent Nanofiltration
			19.5.2 Gas Separation
		19.6 Future Directions
		19.7 Conclusion
		Acknowledgement
		References
	20. Two-Dimensional Nanomaterials-Based Polymer Nanocomposites for Gas and Volatile Organic Compound Sensing
		Abstract
		20.1 Introduction
		20.2 Preparation of Polymer Composite Films for Sensing
		20.3 Principles of Gas Sensing
		20.4 Evaluation of Gas Sensing Devices
		20.5 Development of Polymer-Based VOCs/Gas Sensors
			20.5.1 Metal Oxide Polymer Multilayer Nanocomposites
			20.5.2 Metal-Organic Framework-Reinforced Polymer Composites
			20.5.3 Metal-Reinforced Polymer Composites
			20.5.4 Graphene-Reinforced Polymer Composites
			20.5.5 h-Boron Nitride-Reinforced Polymer Composites
			20.5.6 TMD-Reinforced Polymer Composites
			20.5.7 MXene-Reinforced Polymer Composites
			20.5.8 Hybrid Nanocomposites
			20.5.9 Silicate-Reinforced Polymer Nanocomposites
		20.6 Conclusions
		References
	21. Two-Dimensional Nanomaterials-Based Polymer Nanocomposites for Protective Anticorrosive Coatings
		Abstract
		21.1 Introduction
		21.2 Polymeric Coatings: Concepts and Formulation
			21.2.1 Definition
			21.2.2 History of Polymer Coatings
			21.2.3 Polymeric Coatings: Preparation and Application
			21.2.4 Polymeric Coatings: Advantages and Weaknesses
			21.2.5 Polymeric Coatings Properties Improvement by Incorporation of Conventional Filler
			21.2.6 Nanomaterials-Based Polymeric Nanocomposites
		21.3 Two-Dimensional Nanomaterials
			21.3.1 Types of 2D Nanomaterials
				21.3.1.1 Layered 2D Nanomaterials
					21.3.1.1.1 Graphene-Based Nanomaterials
					21.3.1.1.2 Transition Metal Dichalcogenides (TMDs)
					21.3.1.1.3 Graphitic Carbon Nitride (g-C3N4)
					21.3.1.1.4 Hexagonal Boron Nitride (h-BN)
					21.3.1.1.5 Zirconium Phosphate (ZrP)
					21.3.1.1.6 Hydroxyapatite (HA)
					21.3.1.1.7 Layered Metal Oxides
					21.3.1.1.8 Layered Double Hydroxides (LDHs)
				21.3.1.2 None-Layered Types of 2D Nanomaterials
					21.3.1.2.1 Metals
					21.3.1.2.2 Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs)
					21.3.1.2.3 Covalent Organic Frameworks (COFs)
					21.3.1.2.4 MXenes
				21.3.1.3 Binary Hybrid Nanomaterials
			21.3.2 Characteristics of 2D Nanomaterials
			21.3.3 Synthesis of 2D Nanomaterials
			21.3.4 Anti-Corrosive Properties
				21.3.4.1 Graphene-Based Nanomaterials
				21.3.4.2 Transition Metal Dichalcogenides (TMDs)
				21.3.4.3 Graphitic Carbon Nitride (g-C3N4)
				21.3.4.4 Hexagonal Boron Nitride (h-BN)
				21.3.4.5 Zirconium Phosphate (ZrP)
				21.3.4.6 Hydroxyapatite (HA)
				21.3.4.7 Layered Double Hydroxides (LDHs)
				21.3.4.8 Metal Oxides
				21.3.4.9 Covalent Organic Frameworks (COFs)
				21.3.4.10 MXenes
				21.3.4.11 Binary Hybrid Nanomaterials
			21.3.5 UV Shielding Properties
				21.3.5.1 Graphene-Based Nanomaterials
				21.3.5.2 Hexagonal Boron Nitride (h-BN)
				21.3.5.3 Hydroxyapatite (HA)
				21.3.5.4 Layered Double Hydroxides (LDHs)
				21.3.5.5 Metal Oxides
				21.3.5.6 MXene
				21.3.5.7 Binary Hybrid Nanomaterials
		21.4 Industrial Applications
		21.5 Conclusion and Future Trends
		References
Index