Tutankhamun Knew the Names of the Two Great Gods. dt and nhh as Fundamental Concepts of Pharaonic Ideology

Cover
Title Page
Copyright Page
Contents Page
Epigraph
Abbreviations
Convention adopted for brackets
Introduction
Time
	Notions of Dt and nHH as presented in modern Western scholarship
		Table 1: interpretations of Dt and nHH in a range of dictionaries.
		Figure 1: an inscription from the tomb of Kheruef, Western Thebes, describing Osiris as the ruler of Dt and lord of nHH. Photograph by the author.
	The nature of time
	The metaphysical-physical duality
Reality
	Eternity and sempiternity: echoes of the Dt-nHH duality
	Greeks in Egypt
	Practitioners in the House of Life
		Figure 2: Seshat, described as the ‘Great Mistress of Scribes’, marking the years of the reign of Ramesses IV on a palm branch, as inscribed in the monument dedicated to Khonsu at Karnak. Photograph courtesy of Spencer Dean.
	Ancient Egyptian influences in the works of Plato
Contexts
	The principal texts
	Synonymity
	Dt and nHH in the age of the Pyramid Texts
		Figure 3: Teti takes possession of Hw; after Sethe 1908: 165 §307a.
		Figure 4: a section of Pyramid Text 273–274, the Cannibal Hymn, as inscribed for Teti; after Sethe 1908: 215 §412a.
		Figure 5: a passage of the text inscribed in the tomb of Harkhuf; after Sethe 1903: 128.
	For ever and ever again: the reading of the phrase Dt Dt
		Figure 6a: n Dt Dt as written for Teti; after Sethe 1908: 63 §101d.
		Figure 6b:  n Dt Dt as written for Pepi II; after Sethe 1908: 63 §101d.
		Figure 7: Dt Dt with a suffix pronoun, from PT 217 as written for Unas; after Sethe 1908: 90 §160c.
		Figure 8: a writing of Dt Dt from PT 677 as written for Pepi II; after Sethe 1910: 491 §2028c.
		Figure 9a: Hna kA(.k) n Dt Dt as written on coffin Cairo 28091; after Allen 2006: 433 §2028c, B9C.
		Figure 9b: Hna kA.k n Dt.k Dt as written on coffin Cairo 28094; after Allen 2006: 433 §2028c, B6C.
	Dt and nHH in the age of the Coffin Texts
		Figure 10: address to Khepri; after De Buck 1951: 321 §c–d, T1Cb.
		Figure 11: emphatic use of Dt Dt in CT 29; after de Buck 1935: 81 §m M.C. 105.
		Figure 12: afterlife conditions expressed in CT 759; after De Buck 1956: 389 §g.
	Dt and nHH as aspects of creation
		Figure 14: an expression of Creation in CT 335; after De Buck 1951: 186 §Sq1C.
		Figure 13: afterlife conditions expressed in CT 767; after De Buck 1956: 399 §f.
		Figure 15: Atum is the Nun, as expressed in CT 335; after De Buck 1951: 188 §c B9Ca.
		Figure 16: Atum in his sun, as expressed in CT 335; after De Buck 1951: 191 §d. BH1Br.
		Figure 18: the nature of the ontological duality as expressed in CT 335; after De Buck 1951: 202 §a–b Sq1C, Sq7C.
		Figure 17: the duality of reality as expressed in CT 335; after De Buck 1951: 200 §d–e T1Cb.
		Figure 19: the writing of hrw in iteration Sq1Sq of CT 335; after De Buck 1951: 202 §a.
		Figure 20: a passage from CT 80 showing Shu and Tefnet as avatars of nHH and Dt; after De Buck 1938: 28 §d.
Graphics
	The components of nHH
		Figure 21: a. nHH as it occurs in the writing of seven iterations of CT 157; b. the writing of nHH on the coffin of Sepi, B1C; after De Buck 1938: 347 §b.
		Figure 22: variant writings of nHH.
		Figure 23: HHw as written in three iterations of CT 76; after De Buck 1938: 1 §a.
		Figure 24: HHw as written in iteration B2L of CT 76;  after De Buck 1938: 1 §a.
		Figure 25: HH as written in PT 558; after Sethe 1908: 257 §1390a.
		Figure 26: an example of the twA pt motif showing images of the king standing on the earth with arms raised to support the sky as depicted within an image of a barque stand portrayed on the north wall of the second court, monument of Ramesses III, Medinet
		Figure 27: variations in the orthography of the bird in the writing of HHw. To the left with the nH-bird, on the right with the A-bird; after Maystre 1940: 82, line 44.
		Figure 28: the name of the king’s father as written in PT 301; after Sethe 1908: 232 §449a.
	The constituents of Dt
Ideology
	The royal epithet
		Figure 29: Dt and nHH as anthropomorphic entities supporting the sky; from the interior of the first shrine of Tutankhamun, left side. Image by the author, after Piankoff 1951: pl. 1.
	The realisation of ma‘at
		Figure 30: Ramesses IV presents ma‘at to Amun-Re. The significance of this royal duty is emphasised in that the figure of ma‘at is holding the HoA sceptre and wearing the sun-disc (ra) headdress so as to portray a rebus reflecting elements of the king’s p
	Horus kingship in relation to Dt and nHH
		Figure 31: Isis requests that Horus be in the barque of Re; after De Buck 1938: 221 §f–222 §a.
		Figure 32: the barque and crew of Atum as portrayed in the solar court of the monument of Ramesses III, Medinet Habu. Photograph courtesy of Spencer Dean.
		Figure 33: the role requested for Horus; after De Buck 1938: 222 §b–222 §c.
		Figure 34: Seti I being presented with jubilee festivals, life, and dominion by Re-Horakhty and Weret Hekau, whose offerings are suspended from notched palm branches symbolizing longevity; inscribed on the interior face of the north wall, hypostyle hall,
	The king in time and the ever-present ideal
	The ritual landscape as a reflection of Dt in nHH.
		Figure 35: the name of the monument of Ramesses III in the first hypostyle hall at Medinet Habu, Western Thebes. Photograph by the author.
		Figure 36: Ramesses III before the Theban Triad and Ma‘at, with the name of the monument in the vertical inscription at the south-west corner of the building (to the far left in the image); Medinet Habu, Western Thebes. Photograph by the author.
Exegeses
	The Dt-nHH duality in textual analysis
	Two Coffin Texts
	Speos Artemidos
		Figure 37: ontological duality as expressed for Seti I in the Speos Artemidos; after Fairman and Grdseloff 1947: pl. VII, line 1.
		Figure 38: Pakhet requests ideal perfection for Seti I in the Great Dedication Text of Seti I, Speos Artemidos; after Fairman and Grdseloff 1947: pl. VII, line 21.
	The Neskhons document
		Figure 39: a passage from a pylon at Hermopolis likening the king’s appearance to that of the demiurge; after Fairman and Grdseloff 1947: 25 §1.
	Afterlife
		Figure 40: two afterlife conditions expressed in CT 624; after De Buck 1956: 241 §m.
Misdirection
	The illusion of philosophical dissociation
	The misconstrual of Dt and nHH as Egyptology evolved
	Religious doctrine and political ideology
		Figure 41: a ‘smiting scene’ depicting Ramesses III quelling his enemies, together with his Horus kA (far left) who appears in the form of an anthropomorphised standard with serekh and Horus falcon; as inscribed on the southern face of the exterior wall o
Epilogue
	Table 2: terms appropriate to Dt and nHH in accord with their respective associations with eternity and sempiternity.
Bibliography
	Ancient Sources
	Modern Sources
Index