Tree Crops: Harvesting Cash from the World's Important Cash Crops

Acknowledgments
Introduction
Contents
About the Author
Chapter 1: Arecanut (Areca catechu L.)
	Origin, History, and Geographical Distribution
	The Botany and Taxonomy of the Areca Plant
	The Cytogenetics of the Areca Palm
	Genetic Resource Program
		Areca Crop Improvement
	The Agronomy of Arecanut
		Soil and Climatic Requirement
		Management Aspects
		Irrigation
		Arecanut Nutrition
	Arecanut Physiology
	Mixed Cropping Systems in Areca
	Arecanut Pathology
	Arecanut Entomology
	Arecanut Nematology
	Harvesting and Processing of Arecanut
	A Look into Arecanut’s Future
	References
Chapter 2: Cashew Nut (Anacardium occidentale L.)
	Area and Global Production
	The Indian Scenario
	World Trade in Cashew
	The Tale of Cashew Trade in India Over the Years
	The History, Evolutionary Origin, and Distribution of Cashew
	Economic Botany of Cashew
	Taxonomy of the Cashew Plant
	Cytogenetics of the Cashew Plant
	Collection, Conservation, and Cataloging of Genetic Resources of the Cashew Plant
	The Genetic Improvement of the Cashew Plant
		Breeding
		Selection
		Hybridization
			Fruit Set and Retention of Fruits
			Performance of Cashew Hybrids
		Biotechnology
	Establishing and Managing a Cashew Orchard
		Soil Requirement
		Water Requirements
		Manuringa Cashew Orchard
	The Relevance of “The Nutrient Buffer Power Concept” in Cashew Nutrition
	Some Salient Aspects of Raising Soft Wood Grafting
	Planting Technology
		High-Density Planting
		Covercropping
		Intercropping
	Controlling Pests and Diseases in Cashew Plantations
		Pest Control
		Control of Foliage and Inflorescence Pests
			Tea Mosquito Bug (Helopeltis sp.)
			Leaf Miner (Acrocercops syngramma M.)
			Leaf and Blossom Webber (Lamida moncusalis Walker and Orthaga exvinacea Hamps)
			Shoot-Tip Caterpillar (Hypatima haligramma M.)
			Apple and Nut Borer (Thylocoptila panrosema M. and Nephopterix sp.)
			Stem and Root Borer
		Biological Pest Control
		Cashew Diseases and Their Control
			Anthracnose
			Inflorescence Blight
			Dieback
			Leaf Spot
			Powdery Mildew
	Effect of Inclemental Weather Conditions
	Cashew End Products
		Cashew Kernel
		Cashew Kernel Peel
		Products from the False Fruit
		Cashew Nut Shell Liquid (CNSL)
		Cashew Shell Cake
		Value-Added Products
	Organization of Cashew Research in India and Overseas
	A Look into Cashew’s Future
		Genetic Resources
		Varietal Improvement
		Biotechnological Interventions
		Crop Management Techniques
		Crop Protection
		Post-Harvest Technology
		Technology Transfer
	Biodynamic Cashew
	References
Chapter 3: The Coconut Palm (Cocos nucifera L.)
	Origin and Evolution
	The Evolution of Coconut Along the Drifting Coastlines
	Development of Wind-Resistance
	The “Swimming” Coconut Fruit
	True Palm Traits
	Human Influence on Coconut Evolution
	Botany of Coconut
	Morphology
		The Trunk
		The Root System
		The Frond
		The Crown
	The Inflorescence
	The Fruit
	The Seed and Seedling
	Cytogenetics of Coconut
	Genetic Improvement of Coconut
		Source of Diversity
		Characterization of the Genome of the Coconut Palm
		Fruit Component Analysis
		Use of Molecular Markers
		Early Breeding Work
		Hybrid Vigor in Coconut
	Constraints in Coconut Breeding
	Selection and Its Progress
	Hybrids and Their Future
	Commercial Production of Hybrid Seeds
		In vitro Propagation
	Agronomy of Coconut
		Soils
		Soil Water
		Plant Nutrients
		Tissue Analysis
	Coconut-Based Mixed Cropping Systems and Their Management
	Seed and Seedling Management
	Germination Rate
	Poly Bag Seedlings
	Seedling Selection
	Field Management
	Productive Palms
	Adaptation to Biotic Factors
	The Range of Coconut Pests
		Insect Pests
		Disease Pathogens
	Adaptation in Coconut Palm
	A Devastating Virus
	Adapting the Coconut to Market Needs
	Yield Potential of the Coconut Palm
	Quality Traits
	The Fatty Acid Mix
	Coconut as a Food Item
	Research and Development in Coconut Production
	Global Coordination
	National Research Centers
	Research in India and Sri Lanka
	Research in the Second Half of Twentieth Century
	A Look into the Future of Coconut
	Protection of the Production Base
	Advances in Processing Technology
	Contact Information for Research Centers and Institutes
		Bangladesh
		Benin
		Brazil
		China
		Cook Island
		Costa Rica
		Cote d’Ivoire
		Cuba
		Fiji
		Ghana
		Guyana
		Haiti
		India
		Indonesia
		Jamaica
		Kenya
		Kiribati
		Malaysia
		Marshall Island
		Mexico
		Mozambique
		Myanmar
		Nigeria
		Pakistan
		Papua New Guinea
		Philippines
		Samoa
		Seychelles
		Solomon Islands
		Sri Lanka
		Tanzania
		Thailand
		Tonga
		Trinidad and Tobago
		Tuvalu
		Vanuatu
		Vietnam
	References
Chapter 4: Cinchona (Cinchona sp.)
	Origin and Use of Cinchona
		Evolutionary History
	Further Voyage of Cinchona to the East
	Introduction of Cinchona to India and Sri Lanka
	The Other Major Cinchona Producing Countries
	The Characteristics and Chemistry of Cinchona Plantation Species
	Taxonomy: Diversity Analysis of Source Species
		Cinchona calisaya Wedd (Yellow Bark)
		Cinchona ledgeriana Moons (Yellow Bark)
		Cinchona officinalis Linn. (Pale or Crown Bark)
		Cinchona pubescens Vahl. (syn. Cinchona succirubra Pav. ex klotzsch) (Red Bark)
	Chemistry of Cinchona
		Toxicology of Cinchona
	Extraction, Production, and Trade
		Extraction
		Manufacturing Capacities
		Global Trade in Cinchona
		Quality Standards
		The Market Turmoil
	Research and Development Efforts in Cinchona
		A Development of Improved Cultivation Practices
		Breeding and Selection
		Soil and Climate
	Raising a Cinchona Plantation
		Raising a Nursery
		Planting and Management
		Pests and Diseases
	Role of Biotechnology in Cinchona Improvement
	A Look into Cinchona’s Future
	References
Chapter 5: Cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.)
	Origin and Distribution
	Area and Production
	The Botany of Cocoa
		The Root
		The Stem
		Inflorescence
		Self-Incompatibility in Cocoa
		Fruits
		Seeds
		Classification
		Germplasm Collection
	Crop Improvement and Management
		Priorities in Breeding
		Breeding Methods
		Selection
		Hybridization
		Hand Pollination
		Pre-selection Method
		Selection of Superior Hybrids
		Clonal Seed Gardens
		Problems in Hybridization
		Inbreeding
		Inbreeding for Disease Resistance
			Black Pod (BP) (Phytophthora palmivora and Phytophthora megakarya)
			Witch’s Broom (WB, Crinipellis perniciosa)
			Cocoa Swollen Shoot Virus (CSSV)
			Vascular Streak Dieback (VSD) (Oncobasidium theobromae)
			Moniliasis or Frosty Pod Rot (MO) (Moniliophthora roreri)
			Ceratocystis Wilt (Ceratocystis fimbriata)
	Climatic Requirements for Cocoa
		Effect of Temperature
		Effect of Rainfall
	Soil Type
	Propagation
		Seed Propagation
		Vegetative Propagation
			Budding
			Rooting of Cuttings
			Grafting
			Shaping Clonal Cocoa Plants from Fan Shoots
	Field Maintenance
		Planting
		Spacing
		Shade for Cocoa
		Manures and Fertilizers Used in Cocoa Cultivation
		Method and Time of Fertilizer Application
		Pruning
		Control of Weeds in Cocoa Plantations
		Irrigation Requirements
		Top Working
	Flowering and Fruit Set
		Genetic Factors
		Environmental Factors
		Internal Factors That Influence Cocoa Production
		Cherelle Wilt
	Plant Protection
		Insect Pests
			Red Borer (Zeuzera coffeae)
			Tea Mosquito (Helopeltis antonii)
			Mealy Bugs (Planococcus lilacinus)
			Gray Weevil (Myllocerus spp.)
			Cockchafer Beetle (Leucopholis spp.)
			Citrus Aphid (Toxoptera aurantii)
			Red Branded Thrips
		Storage Pests
		Noninsect Pests
			Striped Squirrels (Funambulus tristriatus)
			Rats
			Civet Cat (Paradoxurus hermaphroditus)
		Diseases
			Phytophthora Pod Rot (Phytophthora palmivora, Phytophthora capsici, Phytophthora megakarya, and Phytophthora citrophthora)
			Colletotrichum Pod Rot (Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (Penz.) Sacc; Colletotrichum theobromae, Colletotrichum lurcificum, Colletotrichum eradwickii, Colletotrichum incarnatum, Colletotrichum fructitheobromae, and Colletotrichum thobromi
			Botryodiplodia Pod Rot/Charcoal Pod Rot (Lasiodiplodia theobromae (Pat) Griffon and Maubl. Botryodiplodia theobromae Pat)
			Witch’s Broom (Crinipellis perniciosa) Stahel Singer
			Monilia Pod Rot (Moniliophthora roreri Evans)
			Mealy Pod Rot (Trachysphaera fructigena Tabor & Bunting)
			Seedling Blight [Phytophthora palmivora (Butler) Butler]
			Vascular Streak Dieback (Oncobasidium theobromae Talbot and Keane)
			Phytophthora Canker [Phytophthora palmivora (Butler) Butler]
			Pink Disease (Corticium salmonicolor Berk & Br)
			Thread Blight
			White Thread Blight [Marasmiellus scandens (Massee) Dennis & Reid]
			Horsehair Blight (Marasmius equicrinis Muell)
			Koleroga Thread Blight
			Colletotrichum Leaf Blight [Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (Penz.) Sacc]
			Chupon Blight and Twig Dieback [Phytophthora palmivora (Butler) Butler]
			Cocoa Swollen Shoot Virus
			Ceratocystis Wilt (Ceratocystis fimbriata Ellis & Halst)
			Verticillium Wilt (Verticillium dahliae Kleb.)
			Cushion Galls
			Root Diseases
	Harvesting
		Post-harvest Storage and Breaking Pods
	Primary Processing
		Fermentation
			Biochemical Changes Occurring During Fermentation
			Factors Affecting Fermentation
				Ripeness of Pods
				Pod Diseases
				Type of Cocoa
				Quantity of Cocoa
				Duration
				Turning
				Seasonal Effects
			Cocoa Bean Acidity
			Bean Maturation
				Box Maturation
				Drier Maturation
			Methods of Fermentation
			Traditional Standard Methods
				Heap Method
				Tray Method
				Box Method
			Other Traditional Methods
				Basket Method
				Curing on Drying Platform
			Judging the Endpoint of Fermentation
			Small-Scale Methods of Fermentation
		Drying
			Sun Drying
			Artificial Drying
	Recovery of Cured Beans
	Cleaning and Bagging
	Storage
	Secondary Processing
		Cleaning and Sorting
		Alkalization
		Roasting
		Kibbling and Winnowing
		Blending and Grinding
		Extraction of the Butter from the Cocoa Mass
		Making Cocoa Powder
		Production of Plain Chocolate
		Tempering
		Dressing
		Packaging
			Milk Chocolate
		White Chocolate
		Other Cocoa-Based Products
	Nutritional Value of Chocolates
	By-Products of Chocolate
		Pod Husk
		Sweatings
		Shell
		Germ
	Research and Development Organizations
	Manufacturers of Cocoa Products
	A Look into Cocoa’s Future
	References
Chapter 6: Coffee
	Genetic Resources
		Conservation of Germplasm
		Breeding and Selection
			Yield
			Quality
			Bean Quality
			Liquor Quality
		Other Quality Criteria
		Disease Resistance
		Stability of Performance
		Combined Selection
		Insect Resistance
	Breeding Programs
		Breeding for Disease Resistance
		Coffee Leaf Rust
		Coffee Berry Disease
		Bacterial Blight of Coffee
		Other Minor Diseases
	Field Management
		Environmental Requirements
		Establishment
		Spacing
		Nutrient Management
		Weed Control
		Mulching
		Pruning
		Water Management
		Intercropping and Shading in Coffee
	Diseases of Coffee
		Diseases of the Foliage
		Berry Diseases
		Dieback Diseases
		Trunk and Branch Diseases
		Wilt Diseases
		Root Diseases
		Nursery Diseases
	Pests of Coffee
		Coffee Berry Borer (Hypothenemus hampei Ferri) (Coleoptera: Scolytidae)
		Antestia Bug (Antestiopsis spp.) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae)
		Scales and Mealy Bugs
		Coffee Leaf Miner (Leucoptera spp.) (Lepidoptera: Lyonetiidae)
		Stem and Branch Feeders
	Consumer Choice and Coffee Adaptation
	Research and Developmental Setup
	A Look into the Future of Coffee
	References
Chapter 7: Oil Palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacquin)
	Historical Origin and Global Distribution
	Taxonomy and Botany
	Growing Conditions
		Climatic Requirements
		Soil Requirements
		Nutrient Requirements
	Collection of Oil Palm Germplasm
		Recent Collections
		Nigeria
		Republic of Cameroon
		Democratic Republic of Congo
		Tanzania
		Madagascar
		Angola
		Senegal
		Gambia
		Sierra Leone
		Guinea
		Elaeis oleifera
	Characterization of Germplasm
		Morphological Variation
		Isozyme Variation
		Molecular Variation
		Characterization of Elaeis oleifera Germplasm Collection
		Utilization of Oil Palm Germplasm
	Genetic Improvement Through Breeding and Selection
		Dwarfing Program (PSI)
		High Unsaturation Oil (PS2)
		High Lauric Acid (PS3)
		High Carotene, Vitamin E, and Sterol
		Disease Resistance
	Prospects for Biotechnological Interventions
		The Production of Oil in Oil Palm Fruits
		A Blue Print to Modify Palm Oil Composition
		The Place of Tissue Culturing in Oil Palm
		Tissue Culture in Oil Palm
		Clonal Abnormality
		Field Performance
	Pests and Diseases
	Oil Palm Plantations and the Environment
	A Look into the Future of Oil Palm
	References
Chapter 8: Rubber (Hevea brasiliensis)
	The Importance of Natural Rubber
	Origin and Distribution of Rubber
	The Rubber Industry: A Historical Perspective
		Rubber as an Important Commercial Commodity: The Evolutionary Cycle Between 1700 and 1870
		Early History of Domestication of Rubber Industry
	Area, Production, and Productivity
		Trends in Planted Area and Production
		Area Under Rubber
		Production and Productivity
		World Trade in Natural Rubber
	The Botany of Hevea Plant
		Cytotaxonomic Background
	The Morphology of the Hevea plant
	Cytogenetics of the Hevea Plant
	Commercial Adoption of Vegetative Propagation
	Bark Anatomy
	The Physiology of Latex Flow
		Tapping Process
		Ethephon: A Chemical Yield Stimulant
		Tapping Notations
		Tapping Systems
	Biochemistry of Latex and Rubber Production
	Genetic Improvement of Rubber
		Breeding and Selection
		The Objectives of Breeding
		Breeding Methods
			Introduction of Clones
			Ortet Selection
			Hybridization
		How to Overcome the Constraints in Breeding?
	Genetic Studies
	Genetic Base and Germplasm Resources
		Is There a Need to Broaden Genetic Base?
		Fresh Germplasms: The 1981 Collection
		Characterization, Evaluation, and Utilization
	Biotechnological Interventions
		In Vitro Methods
			Micropropagation
			Protoplast Culture
			Somatic Embryogenesis
			In Vitro Conservation
			Genetic Transformation
			Biochemical and Molecular Markers
	Crop Management Under Different Cropping Systems
		Crop Management Practices
		Cover Crop Establishment
		Weed Management
		Intercropping
		Irrigation
	Ideal Soils for Rubber and Manuring Schedule
	Diseases and Pests of Rubber
		Tapping-Panel Dryness (Brown Bast)
	Technological Developments
	Modified Forms of Rubber
	Discovery of Vulcanization
	Product Development
		Ancillary Products
		Rubber Honey
		Rubber Seed Oil
		Rubber Wood
	The “Ecofriendliness” of Rubber
	Useful Information on Research and Development
		Organizations in Rubber Production and Use
	A Look into the Future of Rubber
	References
Chapter 9: Tea (Camellia sinensis L.)
	The Origin and History of Tea
	The Different Practices of Tea Consumption
	The Botany of Tea
	Taxonomy and Genetics
	Growing Conditions
	Nutrient Requirements
		Primary Nutrients
		Secondary Nutrients
		Micronutrients
	Nursery Practices
	Crop Management
		Spacing
		Pruning
		Harvesting and Plucking
	Propagation and Genetic Improvement of Tea Stocks
		Propagation from Seed
		Vegetative Propagation
		Characteristics of Seedling and VP Tea
		Micropropagation
		Biotechnological Screening for Desirable Traits
		Embryo Rescue
		Anther and Microspore Culture
		Somatic Hybridization Using Protoplast Fusion
		Cryopreservation
	The Evolution of Rational Pest and Disease Management
		“Naturally” Grown Tea
		The Downside of VP Tea Cultivation
		The Adaptation of Tea to Integrated Pest Management (IPM)
	The Variations in Tea Manufacture
		Black Tea: Orthodox and CTC
		Green Tea
		Oolong Tea
	Antioxidants in the Main Types of Tea
	The Economics of Tea: Production and Global Trade
		Early Tea Trade
		Tea Production, Exports, and Consumption
			World and Country Production
			Production by Type
		Country Exports
		World and Country Consumption
		Value Addition and Product Diversification in Tea
		Packaging
		Tea Bags
		Instant Tea
		RTD Teas
		Iced Tea Drinks
		Scented and Flavored Tea
		Alcoholic Tea Drinks
		Nonbeverage Tea Products
		Nonfood Tea Products
	Research and Development Institutions Related to Tea
		Bangladesh
		Central Africa
		China
		India
		Indonesia
		Iran
		Japan
		Kenya
		Nepal
		Nigeria
		Pakistan
		Russia
		South Africa
		Sri Lanka
		Taiwan
		Tanzania
		Vietnam
	A Look into Tea’s Future
		Strengths
			The Traditions of Tea Drinking
			Tea Research Culture
			The Favorable Environmental Impact of Tea
		Weaknesses
			The Oversupply Situation
			Mismatch in Requirements
			Marginalization of Producers
			Agrochemical Residues in Made Tea
		Opportunities
			Optimizing on the Health Benefits of Tea
			The Emergence of New Markets
			Adapting to a New Generation of Consumers
			Cleaning Up the Product
			Growing Tea Alongside Other Profitable Crops
		Threats
			Flight of Plantation Workers
	SWOT: The Final Word
Chapter 10: Wattle
	The Different Kinds of Wattle
		Acacia mearnsii (Syn. A. Mollissima): Black Wattle
		Acacia decurrens: Green Wattle
		Acacia dealbata: Silver Wattle
		Acacia pycnantha: Golden Wattle
	Growing Conditions
		Climatic and Soil Requirements
			Climate
			Soil
		Pre-treatment of Seeds
		Nursery Practices
		Planting Practices
		Preparation of Land
		Planting and Aftercare
		Thinning
		Manuring
		Aftercare
		Management of Harvest
	Natural Regeneration and Rotation
	Rotation
	Utility of Bark and Wood and Maintaining Soil Fertility
	Yield
	The Processing of Bark
	Pests and Diseases
	References
Chapter 11: Technological Advancements in Coconut, Arecanut and Cocoa Research: A Century of Service to the Global Farming Community by the Central Plantation Crops Research Institute, Kasaragod, Kerala State, India
	Introduction
	Evolution: Foundation in the Colonial and the Mansion in the Independent India
	ICAR-CPCRI and Its Role in Plantation Crops Research and Development in India
		Sectoral Challenges: An Industry at Crossroads
	Winds of Change: Ushering in Technologies
	The Challenges Ahead
	Success Is Not an Accident, and Excellence Is Not a Coincidence Either
	Vistas in Coconut Research
	Genetic Resource Management and Breeding
	Understanding the Basics: Emphasis on Morphology and Floral Biology
	Genetic Enhancement in Coconut
	Coconut Germplasm Collection and Conservation
	Widening the Genetic Base with Infusion of Exotic Germplasm
	‘Looking inwards’: Augmenting and Prospecting the Indigenous Germplasm Resources
	The Rich Repository of ‘Tree of Life’: Coconut Field Genebanks
	International Coconut Gene Bank for South Asia (ICG-SA): The Crowning Glory
	Characterization and Evaluation of Coconut Germplasm
	Descriptors in Coconut: A Monumental Work
	In situ on Farm Conservation of Coconut Genetic Resources
	Registering Unique Genetic Stocks
	DUS Guidelines Developed for Coconut
	‘They Sow, We Harvest’: Utilization of Coconut Genetic Resources
	Heterosis Breeding in Coconut
	‘Dwarf is Handsome’: Shifting Focus in Coconut Breeding
	Coconut hybrids Released from CPCRI
	Breeding for Root (Wilt) Disease
	Breeding for Moisture Stress Tolerance
	CPCRI Shows the Way: Registration of Eleven Extant Coconut Varieties on the Anvil
	Quality Planting Material Production in Coconut
	Women Climbers for Coconut Pollination: A ‘Silent Revolution’ in the Making
	Exciting Possibilities Ahead
	The Advent of Biotechnology Research: Aspirations and Achievements
		Igniting Imagination
	The Initial Steps and First Funding
	Success Stories in Coconut Biotechnology
		Coconut Embryo Culture Protocol for the International Exchange of Germplasm
	Embryo-rescue of Rare Types: the ‘Caesarean Section’ in the World of Plants
	Cryopreservation for Long-Term Conservation of Valuable Germplasm: Complementing the Field Genebanks
	Molecular Biology Laboratory: The Nascent Years
	Molecular Markers, a Modern Tool for Assessment of Hybrid Purity in Coconut
	Finger Printing Coconut Genetic Resources with the Unique, Indelible Molecular Tags
	Bioinformatics Centre: Heralding the Genomics Era
	Bioinformatics and Agri-bioinformatics Promotion Centres: Driving Discoveries
	Coconut Biotechnology: Where Reality Failed to Match Expectations
		Tissue Culture in Coconut Remains an Enigma
	Mixed Fortunes
	New Initiatives, New Hope
	Optimization of Inputs for Enhancing Productivity
	Initial Days
	Nursery Studies
	Importance of Cultivation Was Realized Early
	Soil Amelioration Can Work Wonders
	Evolution of the Nutrient Management Practices in Coconut
	Importance of Water Management
	‘Fertigation’, the Name Tells It All
	Organic Farming: Theory and Practice
	Cropping Systems Are Highly Rewarding
	High Density Multiple Species Cropping System: Many Crops and One Cropping System That Fits All
	Coconut Based Integrated Farming Systems
	Mixed Farming System: The ‘Jewel in the Crown’
	If No Cure, Then Better Manage It: Management Packages for Root (Wilt) Diseased Gardens, the Second Line of Defence
	Remote Sensing, GIS and IT Applications in Coconut R&D
		Remote Sensing and GIS Application for the Identification of Root (Wilt) Disease Affected Coconut
	Remote Sensing and GIS Application for the Coconut Land Cover Area Estimation Using Spectral Mixture Analysis of Remote Sensing Data
	Use of RS and GIS for Soil and Water Conservation
	A Management Information System (MIS) for Precision Farming
	Harnessing the Mighty Microorganisms
	Microbial Control of Insect Pests
	Biomass Recycling Technologies
	Vermicomposting Technology
	Impact of Coconut Leaf Vermicompost Technology
	Coir-Pith Composting Technology Using Poultry Manure
	Three PGPR/AM-Based Bioinoculant Products
	Genomic Initiatives in Exploring the ‘Microbial World’
	DNA Bar Coding of Eudrilus sp.
	Whole Genome Sequencing of PGPR
	NGS-Transcriptome Analysis of Acid Tolerant Bacillus spp.
	Reducing Crop Losses Through Disease Management
	Disease Scenario Before 1970
	Scenario Since 1970
	Bud Rot Disease
		Phytophthora Species Is Identified as the Pathogen
	Understanding the Climatic Factors Favouring Disease Development
	Managing the Disease
	Impact of IDM (Integradated Disease Management) Practices
	Root (Wilt) Disease
	Diagnostic Symptoms
	Measuring the Disease
	‘May Be’ or ‘May Not Be’: Etiology of the Disease from Fungus to Phytoplasma
		Fungi, the First ‘Suspect’
	Then Virus Ruled Out
	Not Bacteria Either
	Nematodes Are ‘Innocent’
	‘MLOs’ as an Etiological Agent of Root (Wilt) Disease: A Breakthrough
	Molecular Characterization of RWD Phytoplasma
	Identification of Insect Vectors
	Diagnostics for Early Detection
	Impact of Investigations
	Leaf Rot of Coconut, ‘The Companion Devil’ to Root (Wilt) Disease
	Management of Leaf Rot Disease
	Basal Stem Rot Disease
		Management
	Stem Bleeding Disease
		Management
	What the Future Holds?
	Containing Insect Pests
	Management of Pests of Coconut: Evolution from Chemical Pesticides, Biocontrol to IPM
	Semiochemicals in Coconut IPM: Keeping with the Changing Times
	Nanotechnology and IPM (Integrated Pest Managemet)
	Management of the Black Headed Caterpillar (Opisina arenosella) in India: A Classical Case of Biological Control
	Population Dynamics
	Pest management Strategies
	Biological Control
	Area-Wide Field Delivery, a Great Success
	Managing the Rhinoceros Beetle (Oryctes Rhinoceros Linn.), the Ubiquitous Pest in Coconut
		Bionomics
	Management Strategies
	Biological Suppression Options
	Green Muscardine Fungus
	Oryctes rhinoceros Nudivirus
	Attractants, a Promising Option
	Integrated Pest Management
	Success Stories in Plenty
	Red Palm Weevil (Rhynchophorus ferrugineus), the Most Destructive Pest
		Bionomics
	Early Detection is a ‘Matter of Life and Death’
	Attractants Have Great Promise
		Biological Suppression
	Potential of Trypsin Inhibitors
	Evolution of the Integrated Pest Management
		Success Stories
	Coconut Eriophyid Mite (Aceria guerreronis) Becomes a Major Pest in the 1980s
		History and Bionomics
	Crop Loss
		Management
	Host Plant Resistance
	Chemicals and Botanicals
		Biological Suppression
	Palm Health Management
		Success Stories
	Coconut White Grub, Leucopholis coneophora Burm. (Scarabaeidae: Coleoptera)
		Bionomics
	Integrated Management Strategy
	Chemical Control
	Biological Approaches
	Mechanical Interventions
	Managing the New Menace of Rugose Whitefly
	Understanding Life Processes in Coconut
	Early Days
	1980s and 1990s: Period of Rapid Changes
	Screening for Moisture-Deficit Tolerance in Coconut
	Identifying the Physiological and Environmental Constraints to Productivity
	Optimizing the Growth and Development to the Resources and Constraints
	Moisture-Deficit Management
	Improving Genotypic Adaptation
	New Tools for Complex Tasks
	Simulation Modeling: What the Future Portends?
	Climate Change: How Will It Adapt to This Reality?
	Coconut, the ‘Unsung Hero’ in Carbon Mitigation
	Pre-and Post- Harvest Technologies
	Machineries Developed for Every Processing Operation
		Coconut de Husking
	Dryers for Copra making
	Agricultural Waste-Fired Copra Dryer
	Solar Cabinet Dryer
	Electrical Dryer
	Shell-Fired Copra Dryer
	Coconut de-Shelling Machine
	Developing Technologies: A Paradigm Shift Is the Need of the Hour
	Value-Addition and Product Diversification Are Key to Survival
	Coconut Chips
	Virgin Coconut Oil
	Neera, Health and Wealth in Every Drop
	Kalparasa: The Lifeline of Coconut Industry
	Value-Added Products from Neera
	Machineries and Gadgets for Value Addition
	The Agro-processing Centre: The ‘Must-Visit’ Destination for Entrepreneurs
	Technology Transfer, Social and Economic Paradigms
	A New Perspective on Validation, Refinement and Diffusion of Technologies
	The Real Potential of the Sector Is Not Realized Yet
	Extent and Pattern of Technology Adoption
	Impediments in Technology Adoption
	Conventional Extension Strategies
	Imparting Need-Based Training to Farmers
	Training a ‘Labour-Army’ for Coconut
	Knowledge-Empowerment and Skill Development of Extension Personnel Has Multiple Effects
	Demonstrations Are Effective in Convincing and Motivating Clients
	Innovative Extension Approaches
	Research-Extension-Farmer Interface Facilitated Through Cyber Extension Programmes
	e-kalpa: Android Mobile App for Reaching Out to Farmers
	Empowering Community Based Organizations (CBOs) in Coconut Communities for Sustainable Income Enhancement
	Promoting Women’s Self-Help Groups
	Farmers’ Participation in Coconut Research
	Participatory Community Extension Approaches for Technology Refinement and Utilization
		A Case Study of Area Wide Management of Coconut Pests
	Participatory Technology Transfer Approach for Technology Assessment with Participation of Farm Families
		A Case Study of Coconut Root (Wilt) Disease Management Practices
	Need for Convergence of Extension Machineries in the Coconut Sector for Better Efficiency
	Krishi Vigyan Kendras at Kasaragod and Kayamkulam: The Extension Machinery Takes ‘Wings’
	Economic, Marketing, and Policy Aspects of Coconut Sector in India
	Global and National Scenario
	Export-Import Scenario
	Market Related Challenges
	Coping Strategies
	Future Scenario
	 Arecanut: A Crop at Crossroads
	R&D Efforts in Arecanut: In the Colonial Period and Beyond
	Turbulent Times of the 1950s
	Indian Central Arecanut Committee, the 8th and the Last Commodity Committee in India
	Research Stations on Grant-in-Aid Basis
	Change of Strategy: Establishing Research Stations Directly Under the ICAC
	Central Arecanut Research Station (CARS) Established at Vittal
	Regional Arecanut Research Stations for Location-Specific Research
	CARS on the Developmental Path
	Research Collaboration at National and International Levels
	Pioneering Research and Development in Arecanut
	Empowering the Nation for a Quantum Jump in Production
	Initial Efforts on Post Harvest Technology and Value Addition in Arecanut
	Developmental and Marketing Initiatives
	Impact of R & D Programmes in the Arecanut Sector
	Reorganization and Devolution of Functions
	Strengthening of Research Under CPCRI: Emphasis on Developing Technologies
	Enhancing the Genetic Base
	Development of Varieties Through Selection
	Dwarf Hybrids of Arecanut
	Arecanut Tissue Culture: A Success Story
	Multiple Benefits of an Arecanut Based Multispecies Cropping System
	Arecanut Based Mixed Farming System Is a Profitable and Sustainable Family Enterprise
	Techniques for Fertigation and Nutrient Recycling
	Arecanut Palm Spraying Machines
		Air Blast Sprayer
	Arecanut Spraying Using Unmanned Aerial Vehicle
	Integrated Disease Management for Arecanut Diseases: Challenges Ahead
	Impact of Research on Arecanut Production
	A look at the Value Chain Dynamics in Arecanut
	Arecanut-Based Agri-business: Potential Largely Unrealized
	Value Addition
	Cocoa: The ‘Food of Gods’
	Cultivated Throughout the Tropics, Both the Old and the New World
	The Indian Cocoa Story
	Global Consumption Scenario
	Indian Scenario
		Doestic Production Aspects
	Domestic Import-Export Scenario: At a Glance
	Demand and Supply Forecast
	Research in Cocoa at CPCRI
	Genetic Enhancement
	Improved Cocoa Varieties and Hybrids Released
	Canopy Arectechture Engineering
	Tailor-Made Agronomic Practices: Suitable to Arecanut, Coconut and Oil Palm Plantations
	Enhancing Productivity by Reducing Crop Losses Due to Disease and Pests
	Risk of Accidental Introduction of Exotic Pests and Diseases
	Processing: Enhancing Bean and Flavour Quality
	Trnasfer of Technology Efforts Gives Ample Fruits
	Challenges of Mitigating Market Risks and Sustaining Farmer-Confidence
	True Potential of Indian Cocoa Sector to Be Unleashed Yet
	A Long-Term Vision of Self-Reliance in Cocoa Sector in India