Transportation Amid Pandemics: Practices and Policies

Front Cover
Transportation Amid Pandemics: Lessons Learned from COVID-19
Copyright
Contents
Contributors
Recommendation message from the Honorary President of the Club of Rome
Message from a bridging actor between WCTRS and the Club of Rome
Preface: The journey of this book project
Chapter 1 COVID-19 and transport: Recording the history of fights against pandemics
	1.1  Introduction
	1.2  Part I: Pandemics
	1.3  Part II: Overall impacts
	1.4  Part III: Logistics and supply chains
	1.5  Part IV: Responses to distancing policies and public transport
	1.6  Part V: Recovery
	1.7  Part VI: Future transformation
	1.8  Summary
	1.9  Final remarks
	References
Part I Pandemics
	Chapter 2 Historical overview of pandemics
		2.1  Introduction
		2.2  Case study 1: Plague (14th, 17–18th)—Pandemic during the age of trading and population growth
			2.2.1  Historical background: How long-distance travel and means of transportation evolved
			2.2.2  Black death and quarantine
		2.3  Case study 2: Spanish flu (20th century)
		2.4  Case study 3: SARS (21st century)
		2.5  Discussion and conclusion
		References
	Chapter 3 The public health challenge of COVID-19
		3.1  Introduction
		3.2  COVID-19 and emerging infectious diseases (EID)
			3.2.1  Emerging infectious diseases
			3.2.2  Public health emergency of international concern
		3.3  COVID-19 situation
			3.3.1  Modes of transmission for SARS-CoV-2
			3.3.2  Timeline of COVID-19
			3.3.3  Risk factors of the severe clinical condition of COVID-19
		3.4  Nonpharmaceutical intervention
		3.5  Necessity of planetary health approach
		3.6  Conclusion
		3.7  Key messages
			3.7.1  Key findings
			3.7.2  Policy recommendations
			3.7.3  Research recommendations
		References
Part II Overall impacts
	Chapter 4 The impacts of the built environment factors and population mobility on the spread of COVID-19 during its initia ...
		4.1  Introduction
		4.2  Data and method
		4.3  Result
			4.3.1  The spatial agglomeration of RCIC and CVIV
			4.3.2  The influence of the built environment on COVID-19 spread
		4.4  Conclusion
		4.5  Messages
			4.5.1  Key findings
			4.5.2  Policy recommendations
			4.5.3  Research recommendations
		References
	Chapter 5 Impacts of COVID-19 on the transport sector in China: Facts and insights from early stages
		5.1  Introduction
		5.2  Confirmed infection cases and deaths in China
		5.3  Preparedness: Lessons learned from history, guidelines, and contingency plans of different transportation modes a ...
		5.4  Impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic
			5.4.1  Impact of COVID-19 on China’s economy, society, and people’s lives
			5.4.2  Impacts on international travel
			5.4.3  Impacts on transportation system
			5.4.4  Impacts on inter- and intra-city transportation
		5.5  During-pandemic policy measures
		5.6  Changes in lifestyles and business operation styles as well as society due to the pandemic
		5.7  Lessons learned from the during-pandemic measures and experience
		5.8  Conclusions, policy recommendations, future research
		Acknowledgment
		References
	Chapter 6 Impacts of COVID-19 on the economy and the transportation system in Germany
		6.1  Introduction
		6.2  Pandemic waves
		6.3  Economic impacts
			6.3.1  Change of economic indicators
			6.3.2  State support and increasing budget deficits
		6.4  Impacts on the transport sector
			6.4.1  Passenger transport
			6.4.2  Air passenger transport
			6.4.3  Passenger rail transport
			6.4.4  Urban passenger transport
			6.4.5  Long-distance freight transport
			6.4.6  CEP transport and e-Commerce
		6.5  Outlook for economic and transport development
			6.5.1  Economic development
			6.5.2  Transport development
			6.5.3  The challenges in the interim and post-COVID-19 phases
		6.6  Summary and conclusions
		References
	Chapter 7 Impacts of COVID-19 on transport and responses to pandemic control in the Philippines
		7.1  Introduction
			7.1.1  Preface
			7.1.2  The country’s COVID-19 situation
		7.2  Impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on the economy and transport environment
			7.2.1  Basic economic and transport profile
			7.2.2  Basic transport situation
			7.2.3  Consequences of the pandemic
		7.3  Government response to mitigate pandemic impacts
		7.4  Moving forward in incorporating the transport policy framework on how to address COVID-19 pandemic
		References
	Chapter 8 Changes in mobility and challenges to the transport sector in Brazil due to COVID-19
		8.1  Introduction
		8.2  Remote work and education
		8.3  Impacts on transport demand
		8.4  Public transport services
		8.5  Demand control measures in public transport
		8.6  Positive outcomes
		8.7  Future trends and policy-related challenges
		8.8  Final remarks
			8.8.1  Key findings
			8.8.2  Policy recommendations
			8.8.3  Research recommendations
		References
Part III Logistics and supply chains
	Chapter 9 Control and countermeasures for COVID-19 in the cold chain: The experiences of cold chain logistics in China
		9.1  Background and research on the cold chain transmission of COVID-19
			9.1.1  Background
			9.1.2  Literature review
				9.1.2.1  Research on the transmission characteristics of COVID-19
				9.1.2.2  Research on cold chain links
		9.2  Import cold chain links and COVID-19 invasion risk process
			9.2.1  Import cold chain logistics process
			9.2.2  Possible contamination points along cold chain links
		9.3  Epidemic risk control in the cold chain
			9.3.1  Strictly implement epidemic prevention measures
			9.3.2  Strengthening of personnel protection
			9.3.3  Effective connection of cold chain links
		9.4  Epidemic prevention and control mechanism based on cold chain links
			9.4.1  A perfect risk control mechanism shall be established for cold chain logistics
			9.4.2  Strictly follow the implementation mechanism of import and export cold chain standards
			9.4.3  Establishment of scientific monitoring mechanism for international cold chain communication of COVID-19
			9.4.4  Development of global COVID-19 cold chain cooperation prevention and control mechanism
		9.5  Conclusions and discussion
		References
	Chapter 10 Urban logistics and COVID-19
		10.1  Introduction
		10.2  Referenced impacts of the pandemic on urban logistics
			10.2.1  Monitoring and assessing COVID impacts in real time
			10.2.2  A massive acceleration in online shopping
			10.2.3  Changes and innovations in urban freight service provision
			10.2.4  On-demand “instant deliveries” have taken center stage
			10.2.5  Warehousing developments
		10.3  Case study in Paris: Impacts of COVID on urban logistics operators
			10.3.1  The first lockdown: Extreme variability of orders and sectorial economic difficulties
			10.3.2  Two sectorial focuses: Parcel delivery and instant food delivery
			10.3.3  Logistics real estate delayed by administrative hurdles
			10.3.4  A summary of stakeholder issues and adaptability
		10.4  Policy implications
			10.4.1  Fast and efficient responses to the first emergencies
			10.4.2  Logistics omitted from several postlockdown initiatives
		10.5  Changing urban logistics in a postpandemic world
		10.6  Key messages
			10.6.1  Key findings
			10.6.2  Policy recommendations
			10.6.3  Research recommendations
		References
	Chapter 11 Freight operations in the European Union during the COVID-19 pandemic: A multicountry comparison
		11.1  Introduction
		11.2  Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on freight transport in the EU
			11.2.1  Belgium
			11.2.2  Italy
			11.2.3  Germany
		11.3  Government support for freight operations in the EU
			11.3.1  Measures in Belgium
			11.3.2  Measures in Italy
			11.3.3  Measures in Germany
		11.4  Conclusion
		11.5  Key messages
			11.5.1  Key findings
			11.5.2  Policy recommendations
			11.5.3  Research recommendations
		References
	Chapter 12 Short-run impacts of COVID-19 on the maritime and port sector: Measures and recommended policies
		12.1  Introduction
		12.2  Immediate impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic
			12.2.1  Overall perceived traffic impacts
			12.2.2  Traffic statistics
			12.2.3  Capacity inputs and utilization
		12.3  During-pandemic policy measures
		12.4  Changes in lifestyles and business operation styles as well as society due to the pandemic
		12.5  Lessons learned from the during-pandemic measures, guidelines, and contingency plans
		12.6  Conclusion: Findings and recommendations
			12.6.1  Findings
			12.6.2  Policy recommendations
			12.6.3  Scientific recommendations
			Acknowledgments
		References
	Chapter 13 Longer-run policy measures on COVID-19 for the maritime and port sector: Plans and recommendations
		13.1  Introduction
		13.2  Digitalization
			13.2.1  Singapore
			13.2.2  United Kingdom
			13.2.3  Germany
			13.2.4  Belgium
			13.2.5  Netherlands
			13.2.6  Denmark
			13.2.7  Sweden
			13.2.8  Spain
			13.2.9  Iran
		13.3  Climate and energy
		13.4  Investment
		13.5  Start-up community
		13.6  Automation
		13.7  Cooperation
		13.8  Cluster development
		13.9  Hinterland and accessibility
		13.10  Labor
		13.11  Sector focus: Automative and e-commerce
		13.12  Research
		13.13  Conclusion: Findings and recommendations
			13.13.1  Findings
			13.13.2  Policy recommendations
			13.13.3  Scientific recommendations
			Acknowledgment
		References
	Chapter 14 The impact of COVID-19 on air cargo logistics and supply chains
		14.1  Introduction
			14.1.1  Air cargo defined
			14.1.2  The scale, scope, and pattern of global air cargo operations
		14.2  Changing nature of air cargo demand during the COVID-19 pandemic
		14.3  Supply side challenges
		14.4  Future provision and challenges
		14.5  Messages
			14.5.1  Key findings
			14.5.2  Policy recommendations
			14.5.3  Research recommendations
		References
Part IV Responses to distancing policies and public transport
	Chapter 15 Changes in activity organization and travel behavior choices in the United States
		15.1  Introduction
		15.2  Changes in lifestyles
		15.3  Changes in work habit and mobility
		15.4  Long-term consequences, planning, equity implications, and policy recommendations
			15.4.1  Planning and equity implications, and policy recommendations
		15.5  Key messages
			15.5.1  Key findings
			15.5.2  Policy recommendations
			15.5.3  Research recommendations
		References
	Chapter 16 Social contact patterns and changes at leisure/tourism activity settings during COVID-19 period: An internation ...
		16.1  Introduction
		16.2  Survey and data
		16.3  Results
			16.3.1  Activity participation
			16.3.2  Social contact patterns
				16.3.2.1  Social contact type
				16.3.2.2  The number of social contacts
				16.3.2.3  Social contact patterns across different attributes
				16.3.2.4  The interplay between social contact patterns and the COVID-19 situation
		16.4  Conclusions
		16.5  Messages
			16.5.1  Key findings
			16.5.2  Key policy recommendations
			16.5.3  Research recommendations
			Acknowledgment
		References
	Chapter 17 A cross-country analysis of behavioral changes in response to COVID-19 social distancing policies
		17.1  Introduction
		17.2  Data
			17.2.1  Mobility change data
			17.2.2  Oxford COVID-19 government response tracker
		17.3  Methods
		17.4  Results and discussion
		17.5  Conclusion
		17.6  Key messages
			17.6.1  Key findings
			17.6.2  Policy recommendations
			17.6.3  Research recommendations
			Acknowledgments
		References
	Chapter 18 The impacts of COVID-19 and social distancing policies on social capital in Japan
		18.1  Introduction
		18.2  Data and method
		18.3  Results
			18.3.1  Impact of social distancing against COVID-19 on lifestyle, behavior, and income
			18.3.2  Differences in the impact of socioeconomic conditions on lifestyle and income
			18.3.3  Impact of lifestyle changes on social environment
			18.3.4  Change in social capital
		18.4  Discussion
		18.5  Conclusions
		18.6  Key messages
			18.6.1  Key findings
			18.6.2  Policy recommendations
			18.6.3  Research recommendations
			Acknowledgments
		References
	Chapter 19 Restriction of public transport services as a part of COVID-19 containment policies and user responses
		19.1  Introduction
		19.2  COVID-19 policies in the public transport sector
			19.2.1  OxCGRT data
			19.2.2  Service restrictions of public transport
			19.2.3  Interrelations between service restriction and movement restriction
		19.3  User response to public transport during pandemic
			19.3.1  TU Wien questionnaire
			19.3.2  Changes in commuting travel behavior
			19.3.3  Mode choice
			19.3.4  Reasons for changes in mode choice
		19.4  Discussion and conclusion
		References
	Chapter 20 Comparing mobility, behavior, and public transit’s pandemic adaptation in New Zealand and U.S. cities
		20.1  Introduction
		20.2  Methodology
		20.3  Selected cities
		20.4  Data
			20.4.1  COVID-19 dataset
			20.4.2  Restriction measures dataset
			20.4.3   E -urban mobility dataset
			20.4.4  Transit ridership dataset
		20.5  Analysis
			20.5.1  Correlation analysis
		20.6  Conclusions
		Acknowledgments
		References
	Chapter 21 Impact of COVID-19 on transportation in urban India
		21.1  COVID-19 Pandemic in India
		21.2  Public transport usage: Global scenario
		21.3  COVID-19 spread and transport usage: Indian scenario
		21.4  Effect of COVID-19 on mode choice behavior
		21.5  Managing the gap between demand and supply of bus transport during COVID-19: Case study of Delhi
			21.5.1  Bus trip characteristics for Pre-COVID Scenario
			21.5.2  Alternate strategies to balance the gap between demand and supply of bus trips
				21.5.2.1  Alternate strategy 1: Additional Buses on Road
				21.5.2.2  Alternate strategy 2: Shifting Short-Length Trips to NMT
			21.5.2.3  Alternate strategy 3: Enhancing bus capacity by providing segregated bus lane
			21.5.3  Comparison of strategies
		21.6  Role of contactless technology to improve ridership and revenue of public transport
		21.7  Concluding remarks
		21.8  Key findings
		21.9  Policy recommendations
		21.10  Research recommendations
		References
	Chapter 22 Passengers’ perception of COVID-19 countermeasures on urban railway in Bangkok
		22.1  Introduction
			22.1.1  COVID-19 pandemic in Thailand
			22.1.2  Objectives
		22.2  Review of the countermeasures on public transport in the other countries
		22.3  Bangkok urban railway during the pandemic
			22.3.1  Impact to rail ridership
			22.3.2  Rail countermeasures
				22.3.2.1  Temperature screening
				22.3.2.2  Social distancing on train and platform
				22.3.2.3  Contact tracing application
				22.3.2.4  Train operation and management
		22.4  Data and method
			22.4.1  Rail passenger interview
			22.4.2  Travel behaviors during the pandemic
			22.4.3  Perception of the COVID-19 countermeasures on rail
			22.4.4  Factor analyses
		22.5  Results
			22.5.1  Exploratory factor analysis
			22.5.2  Confirmatory factory analysis
		22.6  Discussions
			22.6.1  Significance of the countermeasures
			22.6.2  Policy implications
				22.6.2.1  Plausible countermeasures
				22.6.2.2  Spreading the peak demand
				22.6.2.3  COVID-19 safe transit-oriented development
				22.6.2.4  Healthy mobility-as-a-service (MaaS)
		22.7  Conclusions
		22.8  Message
			22.8.1  Key findings
			22.8.2  Policy recommendations
			22.8.3  Research recommendations
		References
Part V Recovery
	Chapter 23 The resilience of national highway transportation in China under the COVID-19 outbreak
		23.1  Introduction
			23.1.1  Impact of transportation on COVID-19
			23.1.2  Impact of COVID-19 and control policy on transportation
			23.1.3  Resilience quantification under emergencies
		23.2  Research goal and approaches
		23.3  Resilience
			23.3.1  Definition
			23.3.2  Quantification
		23.4  Bounce level
		23.5  Relationship between bounce level and recovery time
		23.6  Conclusion
		Acknowledgments
		References
	Chapter 24 Tourism policy responses to COVID-19 and first-stage tourism recovery in China
		24.1  Introduction
		24.2  Research on tourism policy responses to COVID-19 in the first stage
		24.3  Method
			24.3.1  Data collection
			24.3.2  Data analysis
		24.4  Results and discussions
			24.4.1  Summary of tourism policy responses in China during 2020
			24.4.2  Tourism policy responses in detail
		24.5  Conclusions and implications
		References
	Chapter 25 The recovery of long-distance mobility after COVID-19: What can we expect?
		25.1  Introduction
		25.2  The immediate and global impact of COVID-19
		25.3  The long-term impacts of COVID-19 on mobility
			25.3.1  The scarring effects of COVID-19 on business travel
			25.3.2  The hope of a sustainable post-COVID recovery
			25.3.3  Travel restrictions
		25.4  An acceleration of preexisting trends
			25.4.1  The drop of business travel
			25.4.2  Flygskam
		25.5  Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 26 Assessing the impacts of COVID-19 on carbon emissions from the road transport sector in China
		26.1  Introduction
		26.2  Data and methods
		26.3  Results
			26.3.1  Provincial monthly transport emissions from 2019 to 2020
			26.3.2  Regional emission trajectories and monthly emission reductions
			26.3.3  Spatial characteristics of transport emissions
		26.4  Discussion and conclusions
		References
	Chapter 27 Contagion spread modeling in transport networks and transport operation optimizations for containing epidemics
		27.1  Introduction
		27.2  Modeling the contagion spreading through transport networks
			27.2.1  Spatial metapopulation model
			27.2.2  Individual-based models
			27.2.3  Future work directions
		27.3  Transport operation optimization in the aftermath of COVID-19 pandemic
			27.3.1  Needs of transport operation optimization due to pandemic
			27.3.2  Operation optimization of transit systems and research directions
		27.4  Conclusions
			27.4.1  Key findings
			27.4.2  Policy recommendation
			27.4.3  Research recommendation
		References
	Chapter 28 COVID-19 and big data technologies: Experience in China
		28.1  Introduction
		28.2  Sources of big data
			28.2.1  Big data on human mobility
			28.2.2  Epidemiological survey data
		28.3  Smartphone applications of big data
			28.3.1  Measurement of close contacts
			28.3.2  Health code
		28.4  Evidence regarding control measures
			28.4.1  Lockdown measures
			28.4.2  Restriction of movement and social distancing
			28.4.3  Identification of infection risk scenarios
			28.4.4  Cross-border transportation of food in the cold chain
		28.5  Roles of big data in policy implementation
			28.5.1  Multilevel management of epidemic control
			28.5.2  Support for decision making on the resumption of activities
		28.6  Conclusion and outlook
			28.6.1  Key messages of policy recommendations
				28.6.1.1  Data-supported pandemic control policymaking
				28.6.1.2  Promoting data sharing between the health sector and other sectors
				28.6.1.3  Standardization of data sharing for controlling future pandemics
				28.6.1.4  Promoting booking-based resumption of social and economic activities
				28.6.1.5  Logistics measures for controlling the spread of COVID-19
				28.6.1.6  Process management of policy implementation
			28.6.2  Future research challenges
				28.6.2.1  More research on social contacts
				28.6.2.2  More research on the assessment of policy effects
		References
Part VI Future transformation
	Chapter 29 Collective thoughts about the COVID-19 pandemic and transport from a worldwide expert survey
		29.1  Introduction
		29.2  Uncertainties and unknowns
		29.3  Mindsets of policymakers
		29.4  A chance to make great changes: This will never come again
		29.5  Immediate measures for surviving COVID-19
		29.6  Measures for the “new normal” period of the COVID-19 pandemic
			29.6.1  Upstream measures: Public health, social, and economic systems
			29.6.2  Downstream measures: Transport and logistics measures
		29.7  Long-term changes in lifestyles
		29.8  Measures for developing countries
		29.9  Conclusions and future research issues
			29.9.1  Interdisciplinary research on transport, urban planning, and public health measures
			29.9.2  Revolutionary approach for resolving complex issues caused by pandemics
			Acknowledgments
		References
	Chapter 30 Leveraging the COVID-19 crisis for better public transport services in Asian cities
		30.1  Introduction
		30.2  Overview of transport policy responses to COVID-19 in Asia
			30.2.1  Measures to restrict people’s mobilities
			30.2.2  Measures to reduce transmission risks in transit
		30.3  Implications of COVID-19 policy responses for public transport services
			30.3.1  Governance and financing of public transport
			30.3.2  Quality of services
			30.3.3  Access control and digital exclusion
			30.3.4  Modal integration
			30.3.5  Collaboration with different stakeholders
		30.4  Conclusions
		30.5  Messages
			30.5.1  Key findings
			30.5.2  Key policy recommendations
			30.5.3  Research recommendations
			Disclaimer
		References
	Chapter 31 Putting gender equality in the core of COVID-19 recovery for transport
		31.1  Introduction
		31.2  Impact of COVID-19 on women as transport users
		31.3  Impact of COVID-19 on women as transport workers
		31.4  Policy responses to improve gender equality in transport
			31.4.1  Providing targeted transport services
			31.4.2  Promoting sustainable transport modes
			31.4.3  Developing safety measures for transport users and workers
			31.4.4  Improving working conditions for women
			31.4.5  Strengthening security measure in public transport
		31.5  Policy insights to achieve a more sustainable and inclusive transport future
			31.5.1  Design transport services to meet women’s transport preferences
			31.5.2  Improve transport safety for all users
			31.5.3  Improve gender equality in the transport workforce
		References
	Chapter 32 A proposal of recommendations for post-Corona mobility
		32.1  Outline of this chapter
			32.1.1  Objectives and approaches
			32.1.2  Layout of this chapter
		32.2  Overview of the pandemic in Japan
			32.2.1  Number of infected people
				32.2.1.1  Declaration of state of emergency and priority preventative measures
				32.2.1.2  Effect on the economy
		32.3  Urban transportation
			32.3.1  Before the pandemic: Overcrowding and slow digitization
				32.3.1.1  Overcrowded trains and traffic congestion
				32.3.1.2  Slow digitization
			32.3.2  During the pandemic: Changes in people’s behavior, companies, and events
				32.3.2.1  Telecommuting
				32.3.2.2  Relocation of headquarters outside the Tokyo metropolitan area
				32.3.2.3  Reduced mobility and effect on health
			32.3.3  After the pandemic: Change in travel purpose and improvement in travel quality
				32.3.3.1  Combining the real and the virtual
				32.3.3.2  Changes in the purpose and need for mobility
				32.3.3.3  Flexible commute times and travel quality
			32.3.4  Proposal for post-COVID-19: Measures for demand leveling and utilization of margin
		32.4  Local transportation
			32.4.1  Before the pandemic: Decline of local public transportation and aging population
				32.4.1.1  Japan’s public transportation system based on free competition
				32.4.1.2  Decreasing travel demand and declining service levels
				32.4.1.3  Mobility disparity
			32.4.2  During the pandemic: Major blow to transportation operators
				32.4.2.1  Changes in transportation choices
				32.4.2.2  Decreasing profitability of transportation operators
			32.4.3  After the pandemic: Accelerating decline of local transport
				32.4.3.1  Vicious cycle of declining service level and increasing number of people without transportation access
				32.4.3.2  Necessity of local public transport from the perspective of the right to mobility
			32.4.4  Proposal for post-COVID-19: Deeper involvement of public entities in public transportation projects
		32.5  Entire transportation system
			32.5.1  Before the pandemic: Information sharing and deficit fill
				32.5.1.1  Information sharing among transportation companies
				32.5.1.2  Deficit filling
			32.5.2  During the pandemic: Simultaneous crisis
			32.5.3  After the pandemic: Cooperation among transport businesses to maintain the transportation network
			32.5.4  Proposal for post-COVID-19: Integrated mobility services based on technical development, and introduction and l ...
		32.6  Logistics
			32.6.1  Before the pandemic: Problem of labor shortage and unconducive working environment
				32.6.1.1  Increasing demand for logistics
				32.6.1.2  Working environment
			32.6.2  During the pandemic: Decrease in overall logistics volume and increase in courier services
				32.6.2.1  Decrease in aggregate demand
				32.6.2.2  Increase in courier services
			32.6.3  After the pandemic: Increasing demand and worsening work environment
				32.6.3.1  Continued increase in logistics demand
				32.6.3.2  Deterioration of working environment
			32.6.4  Proposal for post-COVID-19: Designing systems and developing technologies for more efficient logistics and high ...
		32.7  Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 33 The transport policy response to the COVID-19 pandemic in the UK
		33.1  COVID-19 in the UK
		33.2  Travel trends
		33.3  Working from home
		33.4  Policy interventions
			33.4.1  Active travel
			33.4.2  Bus
			33.4.3  Rail
		33.5  Conclusions
			33.5.1  Key findings
			33.5.2  Policy recommendations
			33.5.3  Research recommendations
		References
	Chapter 34 Governance for post-COVID-19 carbon reduction: A case study of the transport sector ☆
		34.1  Introduction
		34.2  The carbon reduction identity in the transport sector
		34.3  DIRECT approach
		34.4  Seamless and integrated policymaking and implementation for carbon reduction in the transport sector: A “6-domain ...
		34.5  Conclusion and challenges
		Acknowledgments
		References
	Chapter 35 Governance, COVID responses, and lessons on decision-making in uncertainty
		35.1  Introduction
		35.2  What is governance and why does it matter in COVID times?
			35.2.1  Governance as coordination through hierarchy, markets, and networks of stakeholders
			35.2.2  Governance from most market regulation to a wider view
			35.2.3  Governance as rulesets in the sociotechnical system of public transport
		35.3  COVID responses and their effect of patronage
		35.4  Governance and the rethinking of services after COVID
			35.4.1  Governance and its effect on the decisions
			35.4.2  First lessons from Amsterdam
		35.5  Conclusion
		35.6  Messages
			35.6.1  Key findings
			35.6.2  Policy recommendations
			35.6.3  Research recommendations
			Acknowledgments
		References
Part VII Conclusions
	Chapter 36 Policy recommendations and future challenges
		36.1  Need for a true transformation of the postpandemic world
			36.1.1  Infection risks and social distancing at early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic
			36.1.2  Experts’ views about infection risks of COVID-19 during the use of public transport
			36.1.3  Urgency of a postpandemic transformation
		36.2  Pandemic response strategies: Zero-tolerance vs. with-virus
		36.3  Pandemic-responsive local community
		36.4  Pandemic-resilient contingency plan and transportation management
		36.5  Transformation of transport policymaking
		36.6  Resilient logistics and supply chains
			36.6.1  Urban logistics
			36.6.2  Shipping and ports
			36.6.3  Freight transport
			36.6.4  Air cargo transport
		36.7  Pandemic-sensitive tourism and leisure policy
		36.8  Planetary health-responsive recovery and ELSI
		36.9  Future challenges
		References
Index
Back Cover