Transalveolar Extraction of the Mandibular Third Molars

Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Dedication
Table of Contents
Foreword
Preface
Acknowledgements
About the Book
Editor
Contributors
1 Prologue to "Transalveolar extraction of the mandibular third molars"
	References
2 Antiquity and introduction to the third molar or the "wisdom" tooth
	Role of genetics in relevance to third molar tooth
	Current trends
	References
3 Applied surgical anatomy for transalveolar extraction of the mandibular third molar
	Mucosa and mucoperiosteum
	Skeletal anatomy
	Adjacent muscles and ligaments
	Regional blood vessels
	Adjacent nerves and innervation
	Adjacent teeth and periodontium
	Buccal fat pad
	Spaces involved with the mandibular third molars
	References
4 Indications and contraindications for surgical extraction of the mandibular third molars
	Definition
	Causes for third molar impaction
	Theories of tooth impaction
	Indications for extraction of mandibular third molars
	Contraindications for extraction for mandibular third molars
	References
5 Classification for impacted mandibular third molars
	Introduction
	Classification systems for impacted mandibular third molar
	Difficulty index
	References
6 Basics of radiology for impacted mandibular third molars
	Introduction
	Conventional intraoral periapical radiograph
	Tube shift intraoral radiographic technique
	Panoramic radiographs
	Cone-beam computed tomography
	Magnetic resonance imaging
	Conclusion
	References
7 Clinical and radiographic assessment for impacted mandibular third molars
	Clinical assessment
	Radiographic assessment
	Summary of difficulty assessment indices
	References
8 Armamentarium for transalveolar extraction of third molars
	Introduction
	Classification of instruments
	Instruments for diagnosis
	Instruments for preparation of the surgical site
	Instruments used to maintain mouth opening
	Instruments for administration of local anaesthesia
	Instruments for clear surgical site
	Instruments for placing incision
	Instruments for reflection
	Instruments for retraction
	Instruments for bone removal and odontotomy
	Instruments for tooth delivery
	Instruments for socket management
	Instruments and materials for haemostasis and wound closure
	Instruments and materials for post-operative dressing
	Instruments for sterilization and storage
	Advances
	Acknowledgement
	References
9 Principles and flaps for mandibular third molar surgery
	Introduction
	Principles of tooth extraction
	Use of dental elevators for third molar surgery
	Flaps for the mandibular third molar extraction
	Principles of suturing
	Ergonomics
	References
10 Surgical techniques for transalveolar extraction of the mandibular third molars
	Asepsis and patient preparation
	Local anaesthesia
	Incision and mucoperiosteal flap
	Bone removal
	Alternative techniques for special scenarios
	Tooth division and removal of the tooth (odontectomy)
	Socket toilet
	Suturing
	Post-operative care and follow-up
	Conclusion
	Transplantation of mandibular third molars
	References
11 Periodontal considerations for impacted mandibular third molars
	Introduction
	Impaction as a risk factor for periodontal tissues distal to second molar
	Effects on periodontium with various impaction type
	Treatment
	Periodontal risk predictors
	Preoperative and intraoperative considerations
	Post-operative management of the periodontal defects
	Conclusion
	References
12 Complications with impacted mandibular third molar surgery
	Preoperative complications
	Intraoperative complications
	Post-operative complications
	References
13 Healing after mandibular third molar extraction
	Introduction
	Healing of an extraction socket
	Healing following mandibular third molar extraction
	Assessment of wound healing after mandibular third molar extraction
	Complications in healing of extraction socket
	Advanced biologic approaches to enhance wound healing after mandibular third molar extraction
	References
14 Advances in surgical extraction of the mandibular third molars
	Surgical flaps for mandibular third molar removal
	Lingual nerve protection during third molar removal surgery
	Inferior alveolar nerve preservation during third molar removal surgery
	Lasers in mandibular third molar surgery
	Piezosurgery for mandibular third molar removal
	Current perspectives in decision making for the asymptomatic mandibular third molar
	References
15 Medico-legal considerations and informed consent for mandibular third molar extractions
	Introduction
	Does surgical removal of third molars need informed consent?
	What are material risks that need to be disclosed?
	The informed consent document should include
	Some common benefits and risks of mandibular third molars
	Validity of informed consent
	Negligence related to non-disclosure
	Conclusion
	References
	Prototype consent format
	Consent form for wisdom tooth removal/impacted third molar surgery
	Declaration
16 Pharmacology relevant to mandibular third molar surgery
	Introduction
	Local anaesthesia
	Inhalational sedation
	Anxiolytics and sedatives
	Antibiotics
	Analgesics
	Corticosteroids (to supress post-surgical oedema, pain and for neuropraxic nerve injury)
	Enzyme preparations
	Topical oral agents
	Styptics
	Obtundents
	Surgical irrigant
	Gaba analogues
	References
17 Case history: transalveolar extraction of the mandibular third molars
	Prototype case history format
18 Appendix of clinical cases: transalveolar extraction of the mandibular third molars
Index