Traffic and Granular Flow 2019

Preface
Book_BookNotesTitle_1
Contents
Contributors
Part IPedestrian Dynamics
1 Influence of Corridor Width and Motivation on Pedestrians in Front  of Bottlenecks
	1.1 Introduction
	1.2 Methods
	1.3 Results
		1.3.1 Influence of Corridor Width on Density
		1.3.2 Waiting Time and Velocity in Target Direction
		1.3.3 Flow Through the Bottleneck
	1.4 Discussion and Conclusion
	References
2 The Measurement of Stress at Open-Air Events: Monitoring Emotion and Motion Utilizing Wearable Sensor Technology
	2.1 Introduction and Research Objectives
	2.2 Theoretical Background
	2.3 Methodical Framework
	2.4 Application of Stress and Motion Monitoring—Case Studies
	2.5 Conclusion and Discussion
	References
3 Smoothing Trajectories of People's Heads
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Methods
		3.2.1 Central Moving Average (CMA)
		3.2.2 Spline Interpolation of Inflection Points (SIP)
		3.2.3 Moving Convex Hull (MCH)
	3.3 Results
	3.4 Conclusion and Outlook
	References
4 Influence of Small-Scale Obstacles on Passenger Flows in Railway Stations
	4.1 Introduction
		4.1.1 Background and Objective
		4.1.2 Related Research
	4.2 Influence of Standing Benches on the Waiting Location
	4.3 Influencing the Passenger Flow
	4.4 Discussion
	References
5 Analysis of Pedestrian Motion Using Voronoi Diagrams in Complex Geometries
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Voronoi Diagrams in the Presence of Obstacles
	5.3 Cutoff and Construction of a Density Distribution
	5.4 Averaging
	References
6 The Trouble with 2nd Order Models or How to Generate Stop-and-Go Traffic in a 1st Order Model
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 The Model
	6.3 Simulations
	6.4 Conclusion
	References
7 The Impact of Walking Speed Heterogeneity on the Pedestrian Fundamental Diagram
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Research Methodology
		7.2.1 The CrowdLimits Experiment
		7.2.2 Set-up of the CrowdLimits Experiment
		7.2.3 Derivation of the Macroscopic Flow Variables
	7.3 The Impact of Speed Heterogeneity and Flow Ratio
	7.4 Conclusions and Implications for Design and Management
	References
8 Experimental Investigation on Information Provision Methods and Guidance Strategies for Crowd Control
	8.1 Introduction and Background
	8.2 Experimental and Technical Setup
	8.3 Results
	8.4 Conclusions and Future Work
	References
9 The Impact of Guidance Information on Exit Choice Behavior During an Evacuation—A VR study
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 Experimental methods
		9.2.1 Experiment design
		9.2.2 Experiment Apparatus
		9.2.3 Experiment Questionnaire
		9.2.4 Experiment Procedure
	9.3 Findings and Conclusions
	References
10 Experimental Study on Crowds with Different Velocity Composition
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 Experiment Setup
	10.3 Fundamental Diagrams
	10.4 Density Distribution and Mean Speed
	10.5 Conclusion
	References
11 The Effect of an Obstacle Before a Bottleneck: Inert Particles, Sheep, and Persons
	11.1 Introduction
	11.2 Obstacles with Granular Matter Flows
	11.3 Observations of a Sheep Herd
	11.4 Evacuation Drills
	11.5 The Effect of the Obstacle on a Pedestrian Flow
	11.6 Discussion and Conclusion
	References
12 Towards Inferring Input Parameters from Measurements: Bayesian Inversion for a Bottleneck Scenario
	12.1 Introduction
		12.1.1 Parameter Calibration
		12.1.2 State-of-the-Art
		12.1.3 Paper Outline
	12.2 Bayesian Inversion
		12.2.1 Theory Behind Bayesian Inversion
		12.2.2 Bayesian Inversion in Practice
	12.3 Parameter Estimation for the Bottleneck Scenario
		12.3.1 Modeling of the Bottleneck Scenario
		12.3.2 Setup of the Inversion
	12.4 Applying Bayesian Inversion
		12.4.1 Surrogate Model
		12.4.2 Results of the Inversion
	12.5 Conclusion and Outlook
	References
13 Spatially Dependent Friction—A Way  of Adjusting Bottleneck Flow in Cellular Models
	13.1 Introduction and Motivation
	13.2 Model Description
	13.3 Maximal Flow and Local Friction Calibration
	13.4 Conclusions
	References
14 Experimental Study on the Congestion-Sharing Effect of Obstacle  on Pedestrian Crowd Egress
	14.1 Introduction
	14.2 Experiment
	14.3 Variation of Egress Time
	14.4 The Congestion-Sharing Effect
		14.4.1 Qualitative Description
		14.4.2 Numerical Analysis
	14.5 Conclusion
	References
15 Experimental Setups to Observe Evasion Maneuvers in Low and High Densities
	15.1 Introduction
	15.2 Methods and Materials: Experiment Description
		15.2.1 High-Density Experiment: Motion Through a Dense Crowd
		15.2.2 Low-Density Experiment: Evasion Behavior
	15.3 Discussion
		15.3.1 Obtain Reliable Data: Measures to Avoid Biases
		15.3.2 Data Collection
	15.4 Outlook
	References
16 How to Change the Value of Social Force Model's Relaxation Time Parameter with Desired Speed Such that Bottleneck Flow Remains Unchanged
	16.1 Motivation
	16.2 Assumptions and Consequences
	16.3 Application
	16.4 Summary, Conclusions, Outlook
	References
17 An Analytical Solution of the Social Force Model for Uni-Directional Flow
	17.1 Motivation
	17.2 Setting, Assumptions, and Approximations
	17.3 Analysis and Results
	17.4 Summary—Conclusions—Outlook
	References
18 A Cognitive, Decision-Based Model for Pedestrian Dynamics
	18.1 Introduction
	18.2 The Model Approach
	18.3 Modelling Results
		18.3.1 Single-File Motion
		18.3.2 Evacuation
	18.4 Conclusion
	References
19 Exploring Koopman Operator Based Surrogate Models—Accelerating the Analysis of Critical Pedestrian Densities
	19.1 Introduction
		19.1.1 Surrogate Model
		19.1.2 Collecting Data from Example Scenario
	19.2 Koopman-Based Surrogate Model
		19.2.1 Koopman Operator
		19.2.2 Construct Surrogate Model
	19.3 Results
	19.4 Conclusion and Future Work
	References
20 Evacuation Characteristics of Students Passing Through Bottlenecks
	20.1 Introduction
	20.2 Experiment Setup
	20.3 Results and Data Analysis
		20.3.1 Density Distributions
		20.3.2 Specific Flow Distribution
	20.4 Conclusion
	References
21 An Efficient Crowd Density Estimation Algorithm Through Network Compression
	21.1 Introduction
	21.2 Methods
		21.2.1 The Architecture of Crowd Counting Network
		21.2.2 Network Compression
		21.2.3 Datasets
	21.3 Results and Discussion
		21.3.1 Evaluation Metrics
		21.3.2 Determining Single Layer's Sensitivity to Pruning
	21.4 Conclusion
	References
22 Modelling Pedestrian Social Group Passing Strategy with Expression-Matrix and Social Force
	22.1 Introduction
	22.2 Methods
		22.2.1 Expression-Matrix
		22.2.2 Extended Social Force Model
	22.3 Results and Discussion
		22.3.1 Comparison by Passing Strategies
	22.4 Conclusion
	Reference
23 Pedestrian Fundamental Diagram in Between Normal Walk and Crawling
	23.1 Introduction
	23.2 Experiment Setup
	23.3 Results and Discussions
		23.3.1 Method
		23.3.2 Fundamental Diagram
		23.3.3 Relation Between Headway and Speed
	23.4 Conclusion
	References
24 Deep Fundamental Diagram Network for Real-Time Pedestrian Dynamics Analysis
	24.1 Introduction
	24.2 Method
		24.2.1 MSR-Net
		24.2.2 Optical Flow Module
		24.2.3 Calculate Fundamental Diagram
	24.3 Experimental Result and Analysis
	24.4 Conclusion
	References
25 Data-Driven Simulation for Pedestrians Avoiding a Fixed Obstacle
	25.1 Introduction
	25.2 The Data-Driven Model
	25.3 Simulations
	25.4 Conclusions and Perspective
	References
26 Entropy, Field Theory and Pedestrian Dynamics: Prediction and Forensics
	26.1 Introduction
	26.2 Geometry
	26.3 Field Theory and Cybernetics
	26.4 Entropy
	26.5 Example
	26.6 Conclusions
	References
27 The Impact of Social Groups on Collective Decision-Making in Evacuations: A Simulation Study
	27.1 Introduction
	27.2 Methods
	27.3 Results
	27.4 Discussion
	References
28 Set-Up of a Method for People-Counting Using Images from a UAV
	28.1 Introduction
	28.2 Experimental Set-Up
	28.3 Infra-Red Image Processing
	28.4 Results Under Different Lighting Conditions
	28.5 Conclusions and Next Steps
	References
29 Modeling of Position Finding in Waiting Processes on Platforms
	29.1 Introduction
	29.2 Model
		29.2.1 Static Floor Field S
		29.2.2 Dynamic Floor Fields D and R
	29.3 Results
	29.4 Conclusion and Outlook
	References
30 Exploring the Effect of Crowd Management Measures on Passengers’ Behaviour at Metro Stations
	30.1 Introduction
	30.2 Existing Studies on Crowd Management Measures
	30.3 Method
	30.4 Results
	30.5 Conclusions
	References
31 Rotation Behaviour of Pedestrians in Bidirectional and Crossing Flows
	31.1 Introduction
	31.2 CrowdLimits Experiment
	31.3 Extracting the Rotations from the Video Data
	31.4 Results
	31.5 Conclusions and Discussion
	References
32 Experimental Study on One-Dimensional Movement with Different Motion Postures
	32.1 Introduction
	32.2 Experiment Setup
	32.3 Measurements and Methods
	32.4 Results and Discussion
	32.5 Conclusions
	References
33 A Decision Model for Pre-evacuation Time Prediction Based on Fuzzy Logic Theory
	33.1 Introduction
	33.2 Video Analysis
	33.3 Model Description and Validation
		33.3.1 Model Description
		33.3.2 Model Calibration and Validation
	33.4 Parametric Study
		33.4.1 Influence of Physical Signals on Investigating/evacuating Decision
		33.4.2 Influence of Instructions on Evacuating Decision
	33.5 Conclusion and Future Work
	References
34 Clogging in Velocity-Based Models for Pedestrian Dynamics
	34.1 Introduction
	34.2 Velocity-Based Models
	34.3 How to Identify a Stable Clogging
	34.4 Simulations
	34.5 Conclusion
	References
35 Exit-Choice Behavior in Evacuation Through an L-Shaped Corridor
	35.1 Introduction
	35.2 Experiment
	35.3 Floor Field Model and Simulation
		35.3.1 Distance to Exits (Static Floor Field)
		35.3.2 Herding Behavior (Dynamic Floor Field)
		35.3.3 Exit Crowding
		35.3.4 Inertia
		35.3.5 Transition Probability
		35.3.6 Results
	35.4 Conclusion
	References
36 Bidirectional Flow on Stairs at Different Flow Ratios
	36.1 Introduction
	36.2 Experiment Setup
	36.3 Preliminary Results
	36.4 Conclusion and Outlook
	References
37 Gender Profiling of Pedestrian Dyads
	37.1 Introduction and Related Work
	37.2 Data Set and Variables
	37.3 Automatic Recognition of Gender Profiles
	37.4 Results and Discussion
	37.5 Conclusion
	References
38 The Effect of Social Groups on the Dynamics of Bi-Directional Pedestrian Flow: A Numerical Study
	38.1 Introduction
	38.2 Computational Model
	38.3 Experiments
		38.3.1 Experimental Setting
		38.3.2 Observables
	38.4 Results
	38.5 Conclusions
	References
39 Experimental Study on Pedestrian Flow Under Different Age Groups and Movement Motivations
	39.1 Introduction
	39.2 Experimental Setup
	39.3 Spatial-Temporal Distribution of Density
	39.4 Summary
	References
40 Experimental Analysis of the Restriction Mechanisms of Queuing on Pedestrian Flow at Bottleneck
	40.1 Introduction
	40.2 Experiment
		40.2.1 Settings
		40.2.2 Data Processing
	40.3 Results and Discussion
		40.3.1 Trajectory Analysis
		40.3.2 Relation Between Time and Distance to Exit
		40.3.3 Effective Speed and Flow Rate Time-Series
		40.3.4 Fundamental Diagrams
	40.4 Conclusions
	References
41 Vadere—A Simulation Framework to Compare Locomotion Models
	41.1 Introduction
	41.2 Methods and Materials
	41.3 Results and Discussion
	41.4 Conclusion
	References
Part IIGranular and Active Matter
42 First-Order Contributions to the Partial Temperatures in Dilute Binary Granular Suspensions
	42.1 Introduction
	42.2 Boltzmann Kinetic Equation for Binary Granular Suspensions
	42.3 Homogeneous Steady States
	42.4 First-Order Contributions to the Partial Temperatures
	References
43 Acoustic Resonances in a Confined  Set of Disks
	43.1 Introduction
	43.2 Description of the System and Computational Methods
	43.3 Results and Discussion
	43.4 Conclusions
	References
44 Morphological Response of Clogging Arches to Gentle Vibration
	44.1 Introduction
	44.2 Experimental Setup and Methods
	44.3 Results
	44.4 Conclusions
	References
45 Gravity-Driven Flow and Clogging in the Presence of an Intruder
	45.1 Introduction
	45.2 Methods
	45.3 Results
	45.4 Discussion
	References
46 Analysis of the Collective Behavior of Boids
	46.1 Introduction
	46.2 Boids
	46.3 PCA
	46.4 DMD
		46.4.1 Singular Values to Represent Boids Dynamics
		46.4.2 Reconstruction Error Analysis
	46.5 Conclusion
	References
47 Modelling the Flow Rate Dip for a Silo with Two Openings
	47.1 Introduction
	47.2 Kinematic Model
	47.3 µ(I) Model
		47.3.1 Derivation
		47.3.2 Results
	47.4 Conclusion
	References
48 Jammed Disks of Two Sizes in a Narrow Channel
	48.1 Introduction
	48.2 Geometry
	48.3 Energetics
	48.4 Combinatorics
	48.5 Statistical Mechanics
	48.6 Results
	48.7 Outlook
	References
49 Statistical Properties of a Granular Gas Fluidized by Turbulent Air Wakes
	49.1 Introduction
	49.2 Description of the System
	49.3 Particle Tracking
		49.3.1 Error Estimation
		49.3.2 Isotropy and Homogeneity Conditions
	49.4 Discussion
	References
50 Scaling Analysis and CFD Simulations of the Silos Discharge Process
	50.1 Introduction
	50.2 Numerical Protocol and Calibration Procedure
	50.3 Numerical Results
	References
51 Dense Pedestrian Crowds Versus Granular Packings: An Analogy of Sorts
	51.1 Theoretical Framework
	51.2 Bottleneck Flows
		51.2.1 Common Features
		51.2.2 Granular Hopper Flows
		51.2.3 Pedestrian Flows Through a Bottleneck
	51.3 Crossing by an Intruder
		51.3.1 Granular Mono-Layer
		51.3.2 Static Pedestrian Crowd
		51.3.3 Pedestrian specifics
	References
52 Elongated Self-propelled Particles Roaming a Closed Arena Present Financial Stylized Facts
	52.1 Introduction
	52.2 Experiment
	52.3 Results
	52.4 Conclusions
	References
53 Set Voronoi Tessellation for Particulate Systems in Two Dimensions
	53.1 Introduction
	53.2 Limitations of the Classical Voronoi Tessellation
	53.3 Set Voronoi Algorithm and Implementations
	53.4 Granular Rod Monolayer as a Test Case
	53.5 Why Set Voronoi Is Essential for Elongated Particles
	53.6 Performance Versus quality Trade-Off via Erosion
	53.7 Conclusion
	References
Part IIICities, Vehicular Traffic and Other Transportation Systems
54 A Geostatistical Approach to Traffic Flow Reconstruction from Sparse Floating-Car Data
	54.1 Introduction and Problem Statement
	54.2 Interpolation of STV-Field: Method and Assumptions
	54.3 Experiments and Results
	54.4 Conclusions and Future Work
	References
55 Double-Deck Rail Car Egress Experiment: Microscopic Analysis of Pedestrian Time Headways
	55.1 Introduction
	55.2 Experiment 1
	55.3 Egress Experiment 2
	55.4 Conclusions
	References
56 Urban Mobility Observatory
	56.1 Introduction
	56.2 Data Types
	56.3 Components of UMO
		56.3.1 Sensor Networks
		56.3.2 Population Sampling
		56.3.3 Simulators
		56.3.4 Coupling Module
		56.3.5 Data Integration, Storage and Retrieval Module
	56.4 Leeghwaterstraat: Example of a Living Lab in UMO
	56.5 Conclusions
57 Investigating the Role of Network Morphology in the Underpinning  of a Network Fundamental Diagram
	57.1 Introduction
	57.2 Static Traffic Assignment
	57.3 Network Model
	57.4 Experiments: Set-Up, Variables and Results
	57.5 Conclusions
	References
58 Experiments and Usability Tests of a VR-Based Driving Simulator to Evaluate Driving Behavior in the Presence of Crossing Pedestrians
	58.1 Introduction and Background
	58.2 Experimental Equipment, Participants and Procedure
	58.3 Results
	58.4 Conclusions
	References
59 Bicycle Parking Choice Behaviour  at Train Stations. A Case Study in Delft, the Netherlands
	59.1 Introduction
	59.2 Data Collection
	59.3 Model Estimation Approach
	59.4 Results
	59.5 Conclusions
	References
60 Exploring the Potential of Neural Networks for Bicycle Travel Time Estimation
	60.1 Introduction
	60.2 Research Methodology
		60.2.1 Simulation for Data Generation
		60.2.2 Selection of Feature Variables
		60.2.3 The Model
	60.3 Numerical Results
		60.3.1 Neural Network Structure
		60.3.2 Model Performance
	60.4 Conclusions
	References
61 Extended Longitudinal Motion Planning for Autonomous Vehicles on Highways Including Lane Changing Prediction
	61.1 Introduction
	61.2 Lane Change Prediction by Means of Hidden Markov Model
	61.3 Empirical Analysis of Lane Changes in Highways
	61.4 Coupling ACC Systems to Lane Changing
	61.5 Conclusion
	References
62 Continuum Traffic Flow Modelling: Network Approximation, Flow Approximation
	62.1 Introduction
	62.2 Discretized Continuum Model
		62.2.1 General Principles
		62.2.2 Notations
		62.2.3 Phenomenological Equations
	62.3 Determining the Physical Constants
		62.3.1 Equilibrium Functions
		62.3.2 Effective Evaluation of Mean Densities, Supplies and Demands
	62.4 Concluding Remarks
	References
63 Voronoi Densities for Bicylists: Adaptation for Finite Object Size  and Speed
	63.1 Introduction
	63.2 Background: Voronoi Densities
	63.3 Proposed Method
		63.3.1 Accounting for Physical Space
		63.3.2 Accounting for Speed
	63.4 Discussion and Conclusion
	References
64 The HighD Dataset: Is This Dataset Suitable for Calibration of Vehicular Traffic Models?
	64.1 Introduction
	64.2 Car-Following Model
	64.3 Dataset of Naruralistic Vehicle Trajectories
	64.4 Methods
	64.5 Results and Discussion
		64.5.1 Global Calibration
		64.5.2 Inter-driver and Intra-driver Variations
	64.6 Discussion and Conclusions
	References
65 Single-File Dynamics of Cyclists: Two Experiments and Two Microscopic Models
	65.1 Introduction
	65.2 Models
	65.3 Ring-Road Experiments
	65.4 Methodology
	65.5 Results and Discussion
		65.5.1 Collective Driving Behavior and Calibration
		65.5.2 Inter-Driver Variation and Validation
	65.6 Conclusion
	References
66 Response Time and Deceleration Affected by Lateral Shift of Leaders in Vehicular Traffic with Weak Lane Discipline
	66.1 Introduction
	66.2 Experiment to Measure the Response Time  and Deceleration
		66.2.1 Experiment Configuration
		66.2.2 Results
	66.3 Function Fitting
	66.4 Discussion
	66.5 Conclusion
	References
67 Multi-lane Traffic Flow Model: Speed Versus Density Difference as Lane Change Incentive and Effect of Lateral Flow Transfer on Traffic Flow Variables
	67.1 Introduction
	67.2 State-of-the-Art on Multilane Traffic Flow Models
	67.3 Proposed Model
	67.4 Results
	67.5 Conclusions
	References
68 Diversity Analysis of the Brazilian Air Transportation Network
	68.1 Introduction
	68.2 Methodology
	68.3 Results and Discussions
	68.4 Conclusions
	References
69 Braess' Paradox in Networks with Microscopic Stochastic Dynamics and Traffic Information
	69.1 Introduction
	69.2 Model
	69.3 Results
	69.4 Summary
	References
70 Robustness Analysis of Car-Following Models for Full Speed Range ACC Systems
	70.1 Introduction
	70.2 Constant Time Gap Models for ACC Systems
		70.2.1 Linear Car-Following Models
		70.2.2 Non-linear Car-Following Models
	70.3 Linear Stability Analysis
		70.3.1 Perturbed Linear System
		70.3.2 Stability Condition
	70.4 Stability Robustness
		70.4.1 Latency and Response Time
		70.4.2 Stochastic Noise
		70.4.3 Heterogeneity
		70.4.4 Kinetic Constraints
	70.5 Summary
	References
71 Uniform Cluster Traffic Model on Closed Two-Contours System with Two Non-symmetrical Common Nodes
	71.1 Introduction
	71.2 Formulation of Problem
	71.3 Behavior of Closed Two-Contours System with Two Non-symmetrical Common Nodes
	71.4 Conclusions
	References
72 Paris-Gare-de-Lyon’s DNA: Analysis of Passengers’ Behaviors Through Wi-Fi Access Points
	72.1 Introduction
	72.2 Data Settings
		72.2.1 Wi-Fi Access Points in the Station and the Definition of a Node
		72.2.2 A Subsection Sample
	72.3 Results
		72.3.1 Basic Statistics of Passengers’ Behavior
		72.3.2 Path Analysis
	72.4 Discussion and Conclusion
	References
73 Departure Rates Optimization and Perimeter Control: Comparison and Cooperation in a Multi-region Urban Network
	73.1 Introduction
	73.2 Methodology
		73.2.1 Network Transmission Model: MFD-based Traffic Dynamics
		73.2.2 Optimization: A Genetic Algorithm
	73.3 Problem Formulation and Case Study
	73.4 Conclusions
	References
Author Index
Subject Index