Toxicological profiles - Sulfur Trioxide And Sulfuric Acid

TOXICOLOGICAL PROFILE FOR SULFUR TRIOXIDE AND SULFURIC ACID......Page 1
CONTENTS......Page 12
DISCLAIMER......Page 2
UPDATE STATEMENT......Page 3
FOREWORD......Page 4
QUICK REFERENCE FOR HEALTH CARE PROVIDERS......Page 6
CONTRIBUTORS......Page 8
PEER REVIEW......Page 10
LIST OF FIGURES......Page 16
LIST OF TABLES......Page 18
1.1 WHAT ARE SULFUR TRIOXIDE AND SULFURIC ACID?......Page 20
1.2 WHAT HAPPENS TO SULFUR TRIOXIDE AND SULFURIC ACID WHEN THEY ENTER THE ENVIRONMENT?......Page 21
1.3 HOW MIGHT I BE EXPOSED TO SULFUR TRIOXIDE OR SULFURIC ACID?......Page 22
1.4 HOW CAN SULFUR TRIOXIDE AND SULFURIC ACID ENTER AND LEAVE MY BODY?......Page 23
1.5 HOW CAN SULFUR TRIOXIDE AND SULFURIC ACID AFFECT MY HEALTH?......Page 24
1.6 HOW CAN SULFUR TRIOXIDE OR SULFURIC ACID AFFECT CHILDREN?......Page 25
1.7 HOW CAN FAMILIES REDUCE THE RISK OF EXPOSURE TO SULFUR TRIOXIDE OR SULFURIC ACID?......Page 27
1.8 IS THERE A MEDICAL TEST TO DETERMINE WHETHER I HAVE BEEN EXPOSED TO SULFUR TRIOXIDE OR SULFURIC ACID?......Page 28
1.9 WHAT RECOMMENDATIONS HAS THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT MADE TO PROTECT HUMAN HEALTH?......Page 29
1.10 WHERE CAN I GET MORE INFORMATION?......Page 30
2.2 DISCUSSION OF HEALTH EFFECTS BY ROUTE OF EXPOSURE......Page 32
2.2.1 Inhalation Exposure......Page 33
2.2.1.1 Death......Page 35
2.2.1.2 Systemic Effects......Page 37
2.2.1.3 Immunological and Lymphoreticular Effects......Page 77
2.2.1.5 Reproductive Effects......Page 79
2.2.1.8 Cancer......Page 80
2.2.2.1 Death......Page 82
2.2.2.2 Systemic Effects......Page 83
2.2.2.6 Developmental Effects......Page 87
2.2.3.1 Death......Page 88
2.2.3.2 Systemic Effects......Page 89
2.3 TOXICOKINETICS......Page 93
2.3.1.1 Inhalation Exposure......Page 94
2.3.2.1 Inhalation Exposure......Page 95
2.3.3 Metabolism......Page 98
2.3.5 Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic (PBPK)/Pharmacodynamic (PD) Models......Page 99
2.4.2 Mechanisms of Toxicity......Page 102
2.5 RELEVANCE TO PUBLIC HEALTH......Page 104
2.6 CHILDREN’S SUSCEPTIBILITY......Page 119
2.7 BIOMARKERS OF EXPOSURE AND EFFECT......Page 123
2.7.2 Biomarkers Used to Characterize Effects Caused by Sulfur Trioxide/Sulfuric Acid......Page 124
2.8 INTERACTIONS WITH OTHER CHEMICALS......Page 125
2.9 POPULATIONS THAT ARE UNUSUALLY SUSCEPTIBLE......Page 127
2.10.1 Reducing Peak Absorption Following Exposure......Page 128
2.11 ADEQUACY OF THE DATABASE......Page 129
2.11.2 Identification of Data Needs......Page 130
2.11.3 Ongoing Studies......Page 140
3.2 PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES......Page 142
4.1 PRODUCTION......Page 146
4.3 USE......Page 149
4.4 DISPOSAL......Page 150
5.2.1 Air......Page 151
5.2.2 Water......Page 157
5.3.1 Transport and Partitioning......Page 158
5.3.2.1 Air......Page 159
5.4.1 Air......Page 161
5.5 GENERAL POPULATION AND OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE......Page 165
5.6 EXPOSURES OF CHILDREN......Page 169
5.7 POPULATIONS WITH POTENTIALLY HIGH EXPOSURES......Page 171
5.8.1 Identification of Data Needs......Page 172
5.8.2 Ongoing Studies......Page 174
6.2 ENVIRONMENTAL SAMPLES......Page 176
6.3.1 Identification of Data Needs......Page 180
6.3.2 Ongoing Studies......Page 181
7. REGULATIONS AND ADVISORIES......Page 182
8. REFERENCES......Page 186
Intermediate Exposure......Page 208
Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL)......Page 209
Uncertainty Factor (UF)......Page 210
ATSDR MINIMAL RISK LEVELS AND WORKSHEETS......Page 212
USER'S GUIDE......Page 214
ACRONYMS, ABBREVIATIONS, AND SYMBOLS......Page 222