Toxicological profiles - Radium

TOXICOLOGICAL PROFILE FOR RADIUM......Page 1
CONTENTS......Page 5
DISCLAIMER......Page 2
FOREWORD......Page 3
LIST OF FIGURES......Page 8
LIST OF TABLES......Page 9
1.1 WHAT IS RADIUM?......Page 10
1.4 HOW CAN RADIUM AFFECT MY HEALTH?......Page 11
1.5 WHAT LEVELS OF EXPOSURE HAVE RESULTED IN HARMFUL HEALTH EFFECTS?......Page 12
2.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 21
2.2.1.1 Death......Page 22
2.2.2.1 Death......Page 23
2.2.2.4 Neurological Effects......Page 24
2.2.3 Dermal Exposure......Page 25
2.2.4.1 Death......Page 26
2.2.4.2 Systemic Effects......Page 27
2.2.4.5 Developmental Effects......Page 28
2.2.4.8 Cancer......Page 29
2.3.1.2 Oral Exposure......Page 30
2.3.2.2 Oral Exposure......Page 31
2.3.4.2 Oral Exposure......Page 32
2.4 RELEVANCE TO PUBLIC HEALTH......Page 33
2.5 BIOMARKERS OF EXPOSURE AND EFFECT......Page 35
2.5.2 Biomarkers Used to Characterize Effects Caused by Radium......Page 36
2.8.1 Existing Information on the Health Effects of Radium......Page 37
2.8.2 Identification of Data Needs......Page 38
2.8.3 On-going Studies......Page 42
3.2 PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES......Page 43
4.1 PRODUCTION......Page 51
5.1 OVERVIEW......Page 52
5.2.1 Air......Page 53
5.2.2 Water......Page 54
5.3.1.1 Air......Page 55
5.3.1.3 Aquifers, Sediments, and Soils......Page 56
5.3.2.3 Soil......Page 57
5.4.2 Water......Page 58
5.4.3 Soil......Page 61
5.6 POPULATIONS WITH POTENTIALLY HIGH EXPOSURES......Page 62
5.7.1 Identification of Data Needs......Page 63
6. ANALYTICAL METHODS......Page 64
6.2 ENVIRONMENTAL SAMPLES......Page 65
6.3.1 Identification of Data Needs......Page 69
7. REGULATIONS AND ADVISORIES......Page 72
8. REFERENCES......Page 78
Developmental Toxicity......Page 92
Mutagen......Page 93
Threshold Limit Value (TLV)......Page 94
OVERVIEW OF BASIC RADIATION PHYSICS, CHEMISTRY AND BIOLOGY......Page 95
B.1 RADIONUCLIDES AND RADIOACTIVITY......Page 96
B.2.2 Half-Life and Activity......Page 97
B.2.3 Interaction of Radiation with Matter......Page 100
B.2.4 Characteristics of Emitted Radiation......Page 101
B.3 ESTIMATION OF ENERGY DEPOSITION IN HUMAN TISSUES......Page 103
B.3.2 Dosimetry Models......Page 104
B.3.3 Internal Emitters......Page 105
B.4.2 Radiation Effects at the Organ Level......Page 106
B.4.3 Acute and Chronic Somatic Effects......Page 107
B.5 UNITS IN RADIATION PROTECTION AND REGULATION......Page 108
References......Page 115