Toxicological profiles - 1,4-dichlorobenzene

TOXICOLOGICAL PROFILE FOR 1,4-DICHLOROBENZENE......Page 1
CONTENTS......Page 13
DISCLAIMER......Page 2
UPDATE STATEMENT......Page 3
FOREWORD......Page 5
QUICK REFERENCE FOR HEALTH CARE PROVIDERS......Page 7
CONTRIBUTORS......Page 9
PEER REVIEW......Page 11
LIST OF FIGURES......Page 17
LIST OF TABLES......Page 19
1.1 WHAT IS 1,4-DICHLOROBENZENE?......Page 21
1.2 WHAT HAPPENS TO 1,4-DICHLOROBENZENE WHEN IT ENTERS THE......Page 22
1.3 HOW MIGHT I BE EXPOSED TO 1,4-DICHLOROBENZENE?......Page 23
1.4 HOW CAN 1,4-DICHLOROBENZENE ENTER AND LEAVE MY BODY?......Page 24
1.5 HOW CAN 1,4-DICHLOROBENZENE AFFECT MY HEALTH?......Page 25
1.6 HOW CAN 1,4-DICHLOROBENZENE AFFECT CHILDREN?......Page 26
1.7 HOW CAN FAMILIES REDUCE THE RISK OF EXPOSURE TO......Page 27
1.9 WHAT RECOMMENDATIONS HAS THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT MADE TO......Page 28
1.10 WHERE CAN I GET MORE INFORMATION?......Page 29
2.2 DISCUSSION OF HEALTH EFFECTS BY ROUTE OF EXPOSURE......Page 31
2.2.1.1 Death......Page 33
2.2.1.2 Systemic Effects......Page 34
2.2.1.3 Immunological and Lymphoreticular Effects......Page 54
2.2.1.4 Neurological Effects......Page 55
2.2.1.5 Reproductive Effects......Page 56
2.2.1.6 Developmental Effects......Page 57
2.2.1.7 Genotoxic Effects......Page 58
2.2.2.1 Death......Page 59
2.2.2.2 Systemic Effects......Page 61
2.2.2.3 Immunological and Lymphoreticular Effects......Page 96
2.2.2.4 Neurological Effects......Page 97
2.2.2.5 Reproductive Effects......Page 98
2.2.2.7 Genotoxic Effects......Page 99
2.2.2.8 Cancer......Page 100
2.2.3.2 Systemic Effects......Page 102
2.3 TOXICOKINETICS......Page 103
2.3.1.3 Dermal Exposure......Page 105
2.3.2.1 Inhalation Exposure......Page 106
2.3.2.2 Oral Exposure......Page 107
2.3.3 Metabolism......Page 108
2.3.4.1 Inhalation Exposure......Page 110
2.3.4.2 Oral Exposure......Page 111
2.3.4.3 Dermal Exposure......Page 112
2.3.5 Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic (PBPK)/Pharmacodynamic (PD) Models......Page 113
2.4.1 Pharmacokinetic Mechanisms......Page 116
2.4.2 Mechanisms of Toxicity......Page 117
Overview......Page 120
Minimal Risk Levels for 1,4-Dichlorobenzene......Page 121
Systemic Effects.......Page 126
2.6 CHILDREN’S SUSCEPTIBILITY......Page 146
2.7 BIOMARKERS OF EXPOSURE AND EFFECT......Page 149
2.7.1 Biomarkers Used to Identify or Quantify Exposure to 1,4-Dichlorobenzene......Page 150
2.7.2 Biomarkers Used to Characterize Effects Caused by 1,4-Dichlorobenzene......Page 151
2.9 POPULATIONS THAT ARE UNUSUALLY SUSCEPTIBLE......Page 152
2.10 METHODS FOR REDUCING TOXIC EFFECTS......Page 153
2.10.2 Reducing Body Burden......Page 154
2.11 ADEQUACY OF THE DATABASE......Page 155
2.11.1 Existing Information on Health Effects of 1,4-Dichlorobenzene......Page 156
2.11.2 Identification of Data Needs......Page 158
2.11.3 Ongoing Studies......Page 168
3.2 PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES......Page 169
4.1 PRODUCTION......Page 173
4.3 USE......Page 175
4.4 DISPOSAL......Page 176
5.1 OVERVIEW......Page 177
5.2.1 Air......Page 178
5.2.2 Water......Page 181
5.2.3 Soil......Page 182
5.3.1 Transport and Partitioning......Page 183
5.3.2.2  Water......Page 187
5.3.2.3 Sediment and Soil......Page 189
5.4.1 Air......Page 190
5.4.2 Water......Page 195
5.4.3 Sediment and Soil......Page 199
5.5 GENERAL POPULATION AND OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE......Page 201
5.6 EXPOSURES OF CHILDREN......Page 204
5.7 POPULATIONS WITH POTENTIALLY HIGH EXPOSURES......Page 207
5.8.1 Identification of Data Needs......Page 208
5.8.2 Ongoing Studies......Page 212
6.1 BIOLOGICAL SAMPLES......Page 213
6.2 ENVIRONMENTAL SAMPLES......Page 217
6.3 ADEQUACY OF THE DATABASE......Page 221
6.3.1 Identification of Data Needs......Page 222
6.3.2 Ongoing Studies......Page 223
7. REGULATIONS AND ADVISORIES......Page 225
8. REFERENCES......Page 237
Case Report......Page 266
Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health (IDLH)......Page 267
Modifying Factor (MF)......Page 268
Pharmacokinetics......Page 269
Reference Dose (RfD)......Page 270
Toxic Dose(50) (TD50)......Page 271
Xenobiotic......Page 272
ATSDR MINIMAL RISK LEVELS AND WORKSHEETS......Page 274
MINIMAL RISK LEVEL (MRL) WORKSHEET......Page 276
USER'S GUIDE......Page 286
ACRONYMS, ABBREVIATIONS, AND SYMBOLS......Page 294