Toxicological profiles - Hydrazines

TOXICOLOGICAL PROFILE FOR HYDRAZINES......Page 1
CONTENTS......Page 10
DISCLAIMER......Page 2
UPDATE STATEMENT......Page 3
FOREWORD......Page 4
CONTRIBUTORS......Page 6
PEER REVIEW......Page 8
LIST OF FIGURES......Page 13
LIST OF TABLES......Page 14
1.1 WHAT ARE HYDRAZINES?......Page 15
1.2 WHAT HAPPENS TO HYDRAZINES WHEN THEY ENTER THE ENVIRONMENT?......Page 16
1.3 HOW MIGHT I BE EXPOSED TO HYDRAZINES?......Page 17
1.5 HOW CAN HYDRAZINES AFFECT MY HEALTH?......Page 18
1.7 WHAT RECOMMENDATIONS HAS THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT MADE TO PROTECT HUMAN HEALTH?......Page 20
1.8 WHERE CAN I GET MORE INFORMATION?......Page 21
2.2 DISCUSSION OF HEALTH EFFECTS BY ROUTE OF EXPOSURE......Page 22
2.2.1.1 Death......Page 24
2.2.1.2 Systemic Effects......Page 25
2.2.1.4 Neurological Effects......Page 43
2.2.1.7 Genotoxic Effects......Page 44
2.2.2.1 Death......Page 45
2.2.2.2 Systemic Effects......Page 46
2.2.2.4 Neurological Effects......Page 62
2.2.2.8 Cancer......Page 63
2.2.3.2 Systemic Effects......Page 65
2.2.3.3 Immunological and Lymphoreticular Effects......Page 68
2.2.3.7 Genotoxic Effects......Page 69
2.3.1.2 Oral Exposure......Page 70
2.3.2.2 Oral Exposure......Page 71
2.3.2.4 Other Routes of Exposure......Page 72
2.3.3 Metabolism......Page 73
2.3.4.4 Other Exposure......Page 77
2.4 MECHANISMS OF ACTION......Page 79
2.5 RELEVANCE TO PUBLIC HEALTH......Page 80
2.6 BIOMARKERS OF EXPOSURE AND EFFECT......Page 95
2.6.2 Biomarkers Used to Characterize Effects Caused by Hydrazines......Page 96
2.7 INTERACTIONS WITH OTHER SUBSTANCES......Page 97
2.9 METHODS FOR REDUCING TOXIC EFFECTS......Page 98
2.9.3 Interfering with the Mechanism of Action for Toxic Effects......Page 99
2.10.1 Existing Information on Health Effects of Hydrazines......Page 101
2.10.2 Identification of Data Needs......Page 102
2.10.3 On-going Studies......Page 109
3.2 PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES......Page 112
4.1 PRODUCTION......Page 116
4.3 USE......Page 117
4.4 DISPOSAL......Page 121
5.2 RELEASES TO THE ENVIRONMENT......Page 122
5.2.1 Air......Page 124
5.2.3 Soil......Page 129
5.3.1 Transport and Partitioning......Page 130
5.3.2.1 Air......Page 131
5.3.2.2 Water......Page 132
5.4.4 Other Environmental Media......Page 133
5.5 GENERAL POPULATION AND OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE......Page 134
5.7 ADEQUACY OF THE DATABASE......Page 135
5.7.1 Identification of Data Needs......Page 136
5.7.2 On-going Studies......Page 137
6.1 BIOLOGICAL MATERIALS......Page 138
6.2 ENVIRONMENTAL SAMPLES......Page 139
6.3.1 Identification of Data Needs......Page 144
6.3.2 On-going Studies......Page 145
7. REGULATIONS AND ADVISORIES......Page 147
8. REFERENCES......Page 155
In Vivo......Page 178
Reportable Quantity (RQ)......Page 179
Uncertainty Factor (UF)......Page 180
ATSDR MINIMAL RISK LEVEL......Page 182
MINIMAL RISK LEVEL WORKSHEETS......Page 184
USER'S GUIDE......Page 187
ACRONYMS, ABBREVIATIONS, AND SYMBOLS......Page 195