Toxicological profiles - Hydraulic fluids

TOXICOLOGICAL PROFILE FOR HYDRAULIC FLUIDS......Page 1
CONTENTS......Page 8
DISCLAIMER......Page 2
UPDATE STATEMENT......Page 3
FOREWORD......Page 4
CONTRIBUTORS......Page 6
PEER REVIEW......Page 7
LIST OF FIGURES......Page 11
LIST OF TABLES......Page 12
1.1 WHAT ARE HYDRAULIC FLUIDS?......Page 14
1.2 WHAT HAPPENS TO HYDRAULIC FLUIDS WHEN THEY ENTER THE ENVIRONMENT?......Page 15
1.3 HOW MIGHT I BE EXPOSED TO HYDRAULIC FLUIDS?......Page 16
1.5 HOW CAN HYDRAULIC FLUIDS AFFECT MY HEALTH?......Page 17
1.6 IS THERE A MEDICAL TEST TO DETERMINE WHETHER I HAVE BEEN EXPOSED TO HYDRAULIC FLUIDS?......Page 19
1.8 WHERE CAN I GET MORE INFORMATION?......Page 20
2.1INTRODUCTION......Page 21
2.2 DISCUSSION OF HEALTH EFFECTS BY ROUTE OF EXPOSURE......Page 24
2.2.1.1 Death......Page 25
2.2.1.2 Systemic Effects......Page 51
2.2.1.3 Immunological and Lymphoreticular Effects......Page 61
2.2.1.4 Neurological Effects......Page 62
2.2.1.5 Reproductive Effects......Page 66
2.2.1.8 Cancer......Page 67
2.2.2.1 Death......Page 68
2.2.2.2 Systemic Effects......Page 110
2.2.2.3 Immunological and Lymphoreticular Effects......Page 121
2.2.2.4 Neurological Effects......Page 122
2.2.2.5 Reproductive Effects......Page 127
2.2.2.6 Developmental Effects......Page 129
2.2.2.7 Genotoxic Effects......Page 130
2.2.3.1 Death......Page 131
2.2.3.2 Systemic Effects......Page 146
2.2.3.3 Immunological and Lymphoreticular Effects......Page 154
2.2.3.4 Neurological Effects......Page 155
2.2.3.6 Developmental Effects......Page 158
2.2.3.8 Cancer......Page 159
2.3 TOXICOKINETICS......Page 160
2.3.1.1 Inhalation Exposure......Page 162
2.3.1.2 Oral Exposure......Page 163
2.3.1.3 Dermal Exposure......Page 165
2.3.1.4 Other Routes of Exposure......Page 166
2.3.2.1 Inhalation Exposure......Page 167
2.3.2.2 Oral Exposure......Page 168
2.3.2.3 Dermal Exposure......Page 170
2.3.3 Metabolism......Page 171
2.3.4.2 Oral Exposure......Page 176
2.3.4.3 Dermal Exposure......Page 178
2.4 MECHANISMS OF ACTION......Page 180
2.5 RELEVANCE TO PUBLIC HEALTH......Page 186
2.6 BIOMARKERS OF EXPOSURE AND EFFECT......Page 223
2.6.1 Biomarkers Used to Identify or Quantify Exposure to Hydraulic Fluids......Page 224
2.6.2 Biomarkers Used to Characterize Effects Caused by Hydraulic Fluids......Page 226
2.8 POPULATIONS THAT ARE UNUSUALLY SUSCEPTIBLE......Page 228
2.9.1 Reducing Peak Absorption Following Exposure......Page 230
2.9.3 Interfering with the Mechanism of Action for Toxic Effects......Page 232
2.10.1 Existing Information on Health Effects of Hydraulic Fluids......Page 233
2.10.2 Identification of Data Needs......Page 238
2.10.3 Ongoing Studies......Page 250
3.1 Chemical Identity......Page 251
3.2 Physical and Chemical Properties......Page 266
4.1 PRODUCTION......Page 283
4.3 USE......Page 287
4.4 DISPOSAL......Page 289
5.1 OVERVIEW......Page 290
5.2.1 Air......Page 293
5.2.2 Water......Page 294
5.2.3 Soil......Page 295
5.3.1 Transport and Partitioning......Page 297
5.3.2.2 Water......Page 301
5.3.2.3 Sediment and Soil......Page 303
5.4.1 Air......Page 304
5.4.2 Water......Page 305
5.4.3 Sediment and Soil......Page 307
5.4.4 Other Environmental Media......Page 309
5.5 GENERAL POPULATION AND OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE......Page 311
5.6 POPULATIONS WITH POTENTIALLY HIGH EXPOSURES......Page 312
5.7.1 Identification of Data Needs......Page 313
5.7.2 Ongoing Studies......Page 319
6. ANALYTICAL METHODS......Page 320
6.1 BIOLOGICAL SAMPLES......Page 321
6.2 ENVIRONMENTAL SAMPLES......Page 324
6.3.1 Identification of Data Needs......Page 328
6.3.2 Ongoing Studies......Page 330
7. REGULATIONS AND ADVISORIES......Page 331
8. REFERENCES......Page 333
Intermediate Exposure......Page 353
Permissible Exposure Limit......Page 354
Uncertainty Factor......Page 355
ATSDR MINIMAL RISK LEVEL......Page 356
MINIMAL RISK LEVEL (MRL) WORKSHEETS......Page 358
USER’S GUIDE......Page 359
ACRONYMS,ABBREVIATIONS,ANDSYMBOLS......Page 366