Toxicological profiles - Copper

DRAFT TOXICOLOGICAL PROFILE FOR COPPER......Page 1
DISCLAIMER......Page 2
UPDATE STATEMENT......Page 3
FOREWORD......Page 4
QUICK REFERENCE FOR HEALTH CARE PROVIDERS......Page 6
CONTRIBUTORS......Page 8
PEER REVIEW......Page 9
CONTENTS......Page 10
LIST OF FIGURES......Page 14
LIST OF TABLES......Page 15
1.1 WHAT IS COPPER?......Page 17
1.2 WHAT HAPPENS TO COPPER WHEN IT ENTERS THE ENVIRONMENT?......Page 18
1.3 HOW MIGHT I BE EXPOSED TO COPPER?......Page 19
1.4 HOW CAN COPPER ENTER AND LEAVE MY BODY?......Page 21
1.5 HOW CAN COPPER AFFECT MY HEALTH?......Page 22
1.8 IS THERE A MEDICAL TEST TO DETERMINE WHETHER I HAVE BEEN EXPOSED TO COPPER?......Page 23
1.9 WHAT RECOMMENDATIONS HAS THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT MADE TO PROTECT HUMAN HEALTH?......Page 24
1.10 WHERE CAN I GET MORE INFORMATION?......Page 25
2.1 BACKGROUND AND ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURES TO COPPER IN THE UNITED STATES......Page 27
2.2 SUMMARY OF HEALTH EFFECTS......Page 28
2.3 MINIMAL RISK LEVELS (MRLs)......Page 31
3.2 DISCUSSION OF HEALTH EFFECTS BY ROUTE OF EXPOSURE......Page 34
3.2.1.2 Systemic Effects......Page 36
3.2.1.3 Immunological and Lymphoreticular Effects......Page 38
3.2.1.7 Cancer......Page 39
3.2.2.1 Death......Page 43
3.2.2.2 Systemic Effects......Page 44
3.2.2.5 Reproductive Effects......Page 67
3.2.2.7 Cancer......Page 68
3.2.3.3 Immunological and Lymphoreticular Effects......Page 69
3.2.4Other Routes of Exposure......Page 70
3.4 TOXICOKINETICS......Page 71
3.4.1.2 Oral Exposure......Page 74
3.4.2.1 Inhalation Exposure......Page 76
3.4.3Metabolism......Page 77
3.4.4.3 Dermal Exposure......Page 78
3.4.5Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic (PBPK)/Pharmacodynamic (PD) Models......Page 79
3.5.1Pharmacokinetic Mechanisms......Page 80
3.5.2Mechanisms of Toxicity......Page 82
3.5.3Animal-to-Human Extrapolations......Page 83
3.6 TOXICITIES MEDIATED THROUGH THE NEUROENDOCRINE AXIS......Page 84
3.7 CHILDREN’S SUSCEPTIBILITY......Page 85
3.8 BIOMARKERS OF EXPOSURE AND EFFECT......Page 89
3.8.1Biomarkers Used to Identify or Quantify Exposure to Copper......Page 90
3.8.2Biomarkers Used to Characterize Effects Caused by Copper......Page 91
3.9 INTERACTIONS WITH OTHER CHEMICALS......Page 93
3.10 POPULATIONS THAT ARE UNUSUALLY SUSCEPTIBLE......Page 94
3.11.2 Reducing Body Burden......Page 96
3.12.1 Existing Information on Health Effects of Copper......Page 98
3.12.2 Identification of Data Needs......Page 101
3.12.3 Ongoing Studies......Page 108
4.2 PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES......Page 110
5.1 PRODUCTION......Page 115
5.3 USE......Page 121
5.4 DISPOSAL......Page 122
6.1 OVERVIEW......Page 123
6.2 RELEASES TO THE ENVIRONMENT......Page 125
6.2.1 Air......Page 132
6.2.2Water......Page 136
6.2.3 Soil......Page 140
6.3.1.1 Ambient Air......Page 141
6.3.1.2 Ambient Waters......Page 143
6.3.1.3 Ambient Soils......Page 144
6.3.1.4 Bioconcentration and Biomagnification......Page 147
6.3.2.2 Water......Page 148
6.3.2.3 Sediment and Soil......Page 152
6.3.2.4 Other Media......Page 154
6.4.1 Air......Page 155
6.4.2Water......Page 161
6.4.3Soil and Sediment......Page 166
6.4.4Other Environmental Media......Page 170
6.5 GENERAL POPULATION AND OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE......Page 179
6.6 EXPOSURES OF CHILDREN......Page 181
6.7 POPULATIONS WITH POTENTIALLY HIGH EXPOSURES......Page 182
6.8 ADEQUACY OF THE DATABASE......Page 183
6.8.1 Identification of Data Needs......Page 184
6.8.2Ongoing Studies......Page 187
7.2 ENVIRONMENTAL SAMPLES......Page 191
7.3 ADEQUACY OF THE DATABASE......Page 195
7.3.2Ongoing Studies......Page 196
8. REGULATIONS AND ADVISORIES......Page 198
9. REFERENCES......Page 204
Case Report......Page 261
Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health (IDLH)......Page 262
Modifying Factor......Page 263
Pharmacokinetic Model......Page 264
Reportable Quantity......Page 265
Toxicokinetic......Page 266
Xenobiotic......Page 267
APPENDIX A......Page 268
MINIMAL RISK LEVEL (MRL) WORKSHEET......Page 270
USER'S GUIDE......Page 272
ACRONYMS, ABBREVIATIONS, AND SYMBOLS......Page 279