Toxicological profiles - 1, 1, 1-trichloroethane

TOXICOLOGICAL PROFILE FOR 1, 1, 1-TRICHLOROETHANE......Page 1
CONTENTS......Page 7
DISCLAIMER......Page 2
UPDATE STATEMENT......Page 3
FOREWORD......Page 4
CONTRIBUTORS......Page 5
PEER REVIEW......Page 6
LIST OF FIGURES......Page 10
LIST OF TABLES......Page 11
1. PUBLIC HEALTH STATEMENT......Page 12
1.2 WHAT HAPPENS TO 1,1,1-TRICHLOROETHANE WHEN IT ENTERS THE ENVIRONMENT?......Page 13
1.3 HOW MIGHT I BE EXPOSED TO 1,1,1-TRICHLOROETHANE?......Page 14
1.6 IS THERE A MEDICAL TEST TO DETERMINE WHETHER I HAVE BEEN EXPOSED TO 1,1,1-TRICHLOROETHANE?......Page 15
1.8 WHERE CAN I GET MORE INFORMATION?......Page 16
2.2 DISCUSSION OF HEALTH EFFECTS BY ROUTE OF EXPOSURE......Page 17
2.2.1.1 Death......Page 18
2.2.1.2 Systemic Effects......Page 41
2.2.1.3 Immunological and Lymphoreticular Effects......Page 48
2.2.1.4 Neurological Effects......Page 49
2.2.1.6 Developmental Effects......Page 53
2.2.1.8 Cancer......Page 54
2.2.2.1 Death......Page 55
2.2.2.2 Systemic Effects......Page 65
2.2.2.4 Neurological Effects......Page 68
2.2.2.6 Developmental Effects......Page 69
2.2.2.8 Cancer......Page 71
2.2.3.2 Systemic Effects......Page 72
2.2.3.5 Reproductive Effects......Page 80
2.3 TOXICOKINETICS......Page 81
2.3.1.2 Oral Exposure......Page 82
2.3.1.3 Dermal Exposure......Page 83
2.3.2.4 Other Routes of Exposure......Page 84
2.3.3 Metabolism......Page 85
2.3.4.1 Inhalation Exposure......Page 87
2.3.5 Mechanisms of Action......Page 88
2.4 RELEVANCE TO PUBLIC HEALTH......Page 91
Systemic Effects.......Page 92
2.5.1 Biomarkers Used to Identify or Quantify Exposure to 1,1,1-Trichloroethane......Page 101
2.6 INTERACTIONS WITH OTHER SUBSTANCES......Page 103
2.7 POPULATIONS THAT ARE UNUSUALLY SUSCEPTIBLE......Page 105
2.8.1 Reducing Peak Absorption Following Exposure......Page 106
2.8.3 Interfering with the Mechanism of Action for Toxic Effects......Page 107
2.9.1 Existing Information on Health Effects of 1,1,1-Trichloroethane......Page 108
2.9.2 Identification of Data Needs......Page 110
3.1 CHEMICAL IDENTITY......Page 116
3.2 PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES......Page 117
4.1 PRODUCTION......Page 120
4.3 USE......Page 123
4.4 DISPOSAL......Page 124
5.1 OVERVIEW......Page 126
5.2.1 Air......Page 128
5.2.2 Water......Page 129
5.2.3 Soil......Page 132
5.3.1 Transport and Partitioning......Page 138
5.3.2.1 Air......Page 139
5.3.2.2 Water......Page 140
5.4.1 Air......Page 141
5.4.4 Other Environmental Media......Page 150
5.5 GENERAL POPULATION AND OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE......Page 158
5.6 POPULATIONS WITH POTENTIALLY HIGH EXPOSURES......Page 161
5.7.1 Identification of Data Needs......Page 165
6.1 BIOLOGICAL SAMPLES......Page 167
6.2 ENVIRONMENTAL SAMPLES......Page 170
6.3.1 Identification of Data Needs......Page 173
7. REGULATIONS AND ADVISORIES......Page 174
8. REFERENCES......Page 185
EPA Health Advisory......Page 245
No-Observed-Adverse-Effect Level (NOAEL)......Page 246
Toxic Dose (TD50)......Page 247
User’s Guide......Page 248
Acronyms, Abbreviations, and Symbols......Page 254