Thoracic Imaging The Requisites (Requisites in Radiology)

Front Cover
Inside Front Cover
Half title page
The Requisites Series
Thoracic Imaging The Requisites
Copyright Page
Dedication
Foreword
Preface
Contributors
Table Of Contents
Acknowledgments
1 Radiologic Techniques and Dose Reduction Strategies in Chest Imaging
	Introduction
	Conventional, Computed, and Digital Radiography
	Chest Radiography: Projections and Views
		Digital Subtraction Techniques in Chest Radiography
		Chest Fluoroscopy
		Digital Tomosynthesis in the Chest
	Computed Tomography
		Applications of Computed Tomography of the Chest
		Dual-Energy Computed Tomography of the Chest
			Dual-Energy Computed Tomography Techniques
			Dual-Energy Computed Tomography Image Processing
			Radiation Doses With Dual-Energy Computed Tomography
			Clinical Applications of Dual-Energy Computed Tomography
		Computed Tomography Protocols and Radiation Dose
			Scan Parameters
			Tube Current
			Tube Potential
			Gantry Rotation Time
			Detector Configuration or Beam Collimation
			Pitch
			Scan Length
			Number of Phases
		Indication-Specific Chest Computed Tomography Protocols
			Routine Chest Protocol
			Pulmonary Embolism Protocol
			Lung Nodule Follow-up Computed Tomography
			Low-Dose Computed Tomography for Lung Cancer Screening
			Tracheal or Airway Protocol Computed Tomography
			High-Resolution Computed Tomography for Diffuse Lung Diseases
		Contrast Usage in Chest Computed Tomography: Guidelines
	Conclusions
	Suggested Readings
2 Normal Anatomy and Atelectasis
	Normal Anatomy
		Trachea and Main Bronchi
		Lobar Bronchi and Bronchopulmonary Segments
			Right Side
			Left Side
			Variants
		Pulmonary Vessels
		Pericardial Recesses
		Fissures
		The Diaphragm
		Normal Mediastinal Contours: The Frontal Projection
		Normal Mediastinal Contours: The Lateral Projection
		The Hila: The Frontal Projection
		The Hila: The Lateral Projection
	Atelectasis
		Mechanisms of Atelectasis
		Patterns of Atelectasis
			Rounded Atelectasis
			Total Collapse of the Lung
			Lobar Collapse
			Right Upper Lobe Atelectasis
			Left Upper Lobe Atelectasis
			Right Middle Lobe Atelectasis
			Lower Lobe Atelectasis
			Combined Right Upper and Right Middle Lobe Atelectasis
			Combined Right Middle and Right Lower Lobe Atelectasis
			Subsegmental Atelectasis
	Suggested Readings
3 Thoracic Magnetic Resonance Imaging
	Introduction
		Uses of Thoracic Magnetic Resonance Imaging
			Problem Solving
			Full Chest Imaging and Screening
		Strengths of Magnetic Resonance Imaging Over Computed Tomography
			No Ionizing Radiation
			Better Soft Tissue Contrast
			Impact on Clinical Decision Making
			Value
	Tissue Characterization and Magnetic Resonance Imaging Interpretation
		Cyst Versus Solid
		Blood Products
		Calcification
		Macroscopic Fat
		Microscopic Fat
			Chemical Shift Ratio Region-of-Interest Placement and Calculation
			Signal Intensity Index Region-of-Interest Placement and Calculation
		Lymph Nodes, Acute Inflammatory Lesions, and Most Thoracic Neoplasms
		Fibrous Tissue
		Cartilage
		Smooth Muscle
		Lesion Vascularity
		Restricted Diffusion
		Concept of Matching Lesions
		Lesion Measurement
		Detection of Pulmonary Nodules
	THORACIC Magnetic Resonance Protocoling and Performance
		Goals
		Successful Breath-Hold Imaging
		Free-Breathing Techniques
			The Magnetic Resonance Sniff Test
		Cardiac Gating
		Slice Thickness Selection
	Basic Thoracic Magnetic Resonance Protocol
		Rationale for Each Pulse Sequence in the Protocol
			T1-Weighted Imaging
			T2-Weighted Imaging
			Dynamic Contrast-Enhanced Imaging
			Optional Pulse Sequences
	Suggested Readings
4 PET-CT and PET-MRI
	Introduction
	Technique
		PET-CT
		PET-MR
	Advantages
	Pitfalls
	Suggested Readings
5 The Mediastinum
	Introduction
	Mediastinal Landmarks
	Mediastinal Compartments and Their Associated Lesions
		The Prevascular Compartment or Anterior Mediastinum
		The Visceral Compartment or Middle Mediastinum
		The Paravertebral Compartment or Posterior Mediastinum
		Multicompartment Lesions
	Imaging Workup
		Chest Radiography
		Fluoroscopy
		Computed Tomography
		Magnetic Resonance Imaging
		Positron Emission Tomography
	Mediastinal Masses
		Prevascular and Anterior Mediastinal Masses
			Thymic Lesions
				Normal Thymus.
				Thymic Hyperplasia.
				Thymic Cysts.
				Thymolipoma.
				Thymic Epithelial Tumors.
				Thymic Neuroendocrine Tumors.
			Thyroid Lesions
			Mediastinal Lymphoma
			Mediastinal Germ Cell Tumors
			Pericardiophrenic Masses
				Pericardial Fat Pads.
				Pericardial Cysts.
				Pericardiophrenic Lymphadenopathy.
		Visceral and Middle Mediastinal Masses and Common Vascular Lesions
			Lymphadenopathy
			Congenital-Developmental Cysts
			Tracheal Lesions
			Esophageal Lesions
				Achalasia.
				Esophagitis.
				Esophageal Injury.
				Esophageal Diverticula.
				Esophageal Varices.
				Hiatal Hernia.
				Esophageal Neoplasms.
			Selected Vascular Lesions
				Aortic Aneurysm.
				Traumatic Aortic Pseudoaneurysm.
				Aortic Dissection.
				Aberrant Subclavian Artery.
				Azygous Continuation of the Inferior Vena Cava.
		Paravertebral and Posterior Mediastinal Masses
			Neurogenic Tumors
				Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumors.
				Sympathetic Ganglion Tumors.
				Paragangliomas.
			Other Paravertebral and Vertebral Lesions
				Neuroenteric Cysts.
				Meningoceles.
				Extramedullary Hematopoiesis.
				Traumatic Lesions.
	Diffuse Mediastinal Processes
		Mediastinal Lipomatosis
		Acute Mediastinitis
		Fibrosing Mediastinitis
		Pneumomediastinum
	Suggested Readings
6 The Airways
	Keywords
	Normal Anatomy
		Trachea
		Bronchi
	Imaging of the Airways
		General
		Radiography
		Multidetector Computed Tomography
		Magnetic Resonance Imaging
		FDG PET/CT
	Abnormalities of the Trachea
		Tracheal Diverticula
		Tracheal Stenosis
			Idiopathic Laryngotracheal Stenosis
			Postintubation Injury
			Posttraumatic Tracheal and Bronchial Stenosis
			Saber-Sheath Trachea
			Tracheopathia Osteochondroplastica
			Relapsing Polychondritis
			Granulomatosis With Polyangiitis
			Amyloidosis
			Sarcoidosis
			Infection
				Rhinosclerosis.
				Tuberculosis.
		Tracheobronchomegaly (Mounier-Kuhn Syndrome)
		Tracheal Neoplasms
			Malignant Neoplasms
				Squamous Cell Carcinoma.
				Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma.
			Benign Neoplasms
				Squamous Cell Papilloma and Tracheobronchial Papillomatosis.
		Tracheobronchomalacia
	Abnormalities of the Bronchi
		Bronchial Neoplasms
			Carcinoid Tumors
			Mucoepidermoid Carcinoma
			Hamartoma
			Lipoma
		Other Endobronchial Lesions
			Broncholithiasis
			Foreign Bodies
		Airway Fistulas
			Esophagorespiratory Fistulas
			Other Fistulas
		Bronchiectasis
			Mucoid Impaction
			Cystic Fibrosis
			Allergic Bronchopulmonary Aspergillosis
			Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia
			Other Etiologies
		Bronchiolitis
			Overview of Imaging Findings
			Infectious Bronchiolitis
			Respiratory Bronchiolitis and Respiratory Bronchiolitis–Associated Interstitial Lung Disease
			Follicular Bronchiolitis
			Diffuse Panbronchiolitis
			Constrictive Bronchiolitis
	Conclusions
	Suggested Reading
7 The Pleura, Diaphragm, and Chest Wall
	Pleura
		Anatomy and Physiology
		Pleural Effusions
		Specific Types of Pleural Effusions and Their Imaging Features
			Freely Layering Pleural Effusion
			Subpulmonic Pleural Effusion
			Loculated Pleural Effusion
			Hydropneumothorax
			Empyema
			Hemothorax
			Chylothorax
		Pneumothorax
			Tension Pneumothorax
			Pneumothorax Ex Vacuo
			Pneumonectomy Space
		Asbestos-Related Pleural Disease (see Chapter 19)
		Non–Asbestos-Related Pleural Thickening
		Fibrothorax
		Thoracolithiasis
		Benign Pleural Tumors
			Solitary Fibrous Tumor of the Pleura (Benign and Malignant)
			Pleural Lipoma
		Malignant Pleural Disease
			Pleural Metastases
			Mesothelioma
			Pleural Lymphoma
	Diaphragm
		Anatomy and Function
		Diaphragmatic Eventration
		Diaphragmatic Weakness and Paralysis
		Diaphragmatic Hernias
			Hiatal Hernia
			Bochdalek Hernia
			Morgagni Hernia
		Traumatic Diaphragmatic Injury
	Chest Wall
		Congenital and Developmental Anomalies
			Pectus Excavatum
			Pectus Carinatum
			Poland Syndrome
			Neurofibromatosis Type 1–Related Changes
		Metabolic Conditions
			Renal Osteodystrophy
			Sickle Cell Disease
			Paget Disease
		Inflammatory Conditions
			Ankylosing Spondylitis
			SAPHO Syndrome
		Infectious Diseases
			Chest Wall Infections
			Diskitis-Osteomyelitis
		Benign Tumors and Tumor-like Conditions
			Lipoma
			Neurogenic Tumors
			Hemangioma
			Enchondroma
			Osteochondroma
			Elastofibroma Dorsi
			Fibrous Dysplasia
		Malignant Tumors
			Chest Wall Metastasis
			Multiple Myeloma
			Chondrosarcoma
		Iatrogenic and Postsurgical Conditions
	Suggested Readings
8 Congenital Thoracic Malformations
	Introduction
	Trachea
		Tracheomalacia
		Congenital Tracheal Stenosis
		Congenital Tracheobronchomegaly
		Tracheoesophageal Fistula
		Tracheal Bronchus
	Bronchi
		Accessory Cardiac Bronchus
		Bronchial Isomerism
		Bronchial Atresia
		Congenital Bronchiectasis
	Lungs
		Pulmonary Underdevelopment
		Congenital Lobar Overinflation
		Congenital Pulmonary Airway Malformation
		Pulmonary Sequestration
		Intralobar Sequestration
		Extralobar Sequestration
	Mediastinum
		Foregut Duplication Cysts
			Bronchogenic Cysts
		Esophageal Duplication Cysts
		Neurenteric Cysts
		Thymic Cysts
	Pulmonary Vessels
		Anomalies of the Pulmonary Arteries
			Proximal Interruption
			Anomalous Origin of the Left Pulmonary Artery From the Right
			Pulmonary Artery Stenosis or Coarctation
			Congenital Aneurysms of the Pulmonary Arteries
		Anomalies of the Pulmonary Veins
			Pulmonary Vein Stenosis and Unilateral Pulmonary Vein Atresia
			Pulmonary Varix
			Meandering Pulmonary Vein
		Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Drainage
		Anomalies Involving Arteries and Veins
			Congenital Hypogenetic Lung Syndrome
			Systemic Arterial Supply to Normal Lung
			Pulmonary Arteriovenous Malformation
		Congenital Anomalies of the Lymphatics
			Lymphangiectasis
			Lymphangioma
			Lymphangiomatosis
	Suggested Readings
9 Thoracic Lines and Tubes
	Introduction
	Airway Tubes
		Endotracheal Tube
		Tracheostomy Tube
	Vascular Lines
		Central Venous Catheters
		Pulmonary Artery Catheter
	Pleural and Enteric Tubes
		Chest Tubes
		Nasogastric and Orogastric Tube and Feeding Tube
	Respiratory and Hemodynamic Support Devices
		Intraaortic Balloon Pump
		Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation
			Venovenous ECMO
			Venoarterial Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation
			Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation Complications
		Ventricular Assist Devices
	Cardiac Conduction Devices
		Cardiac Pacemakers
		Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator
	Suggested Readings
10 Acute Thoracic Conditions in the Intensive Care Unit
	Introduction
	Pulmonary Disease
		Atelectasis
		Aspiration
		Pneumonia
		Pulmonary Embolism
		Pulmonary Edema
		Acute Exacerbation of Interstitial Lung Disease
		Pulmonary Hemorrhage
	Abnormal Air Collections
		Subcutaneous Air
		Pneumothorax
		Pulmonary Interstitial Emphysema
		Pneumomediastinum
		Pneumopericardium
		Pneumoperitoneum
	Fluid Collections
		Pleural Effusions
		Pericardial Effusion
		Infusothorax
		Hemothorax, Empyema, and Chylothorax
	Suggested Readings
11 Pulmonary Embolus and Pulmonary Vascular Diseases
	Abstract
	Keywords
	Pulmonary Embolus
		Imaging of Pulmonary Embolus
			Chest Radiography
			Ventilation/Perfusion Scintigraphy
			Evaluation of the Leg Veins
			Computed Tomography
			Angiography
			Magnetic Resonance Angiography
	Nonthrombotic Pulmonary Embolus
		Septic Embolus
		Fat Embolus
		Air Embolus
		Amniotic Fluid Embolus
		Tumor Embolus
		Foreign Body Embolus
	Pulmonary Hypertension
		Imaging of Pulmonary Hypertension
			Chest Radiography
		Ventilation/Perfusion Scintigraphy
		Computed Tomography
		Magnetic Resonance Imaging
	Pulmonary Vasculitis
		Large-Vessel Vasculitis
		Medium-Vessel Vasculitis
		Small-Vessel Vasculitis
			Antineutrophil Cytoplasm Antibody–Associated Vasculitis
				Granulomatosis With Polyangiitis.
				Eosinophilic Granulomatosis With Polyangiitis.
				Microscopic Polyangiitis.
			Immune Complex Small-Vessel Vasculitides
				Antiglomerular Basement Membrane Disease.
				Immunoglobulin A Vasculitis.
				Hypocomplementemic Urticarial Vasculitis.
				Cryoglobulinemic Vasculitis.
		Variable Vessel Vasculitis
		Other Causes of Vasculitis
	Pulmonary Artery Pseudoaneurysm
	Pulmonary Arteriovenous Malformation
	Primary Pulmonary Artery Sarcoma
	Suggested Readings
12 The Postoperative Chest
	Introduction
	Lung Surgeries
		Open and Minimally Invasive
			Wedge Resection
			Bullectomy and Blebectomy
			Volume Reduction Surgery
			Segmentectomy
			Lobectomy
			Pneumonectomy
			Extrapleural Pneumonectomy
		Complications
			Air Leak
			Bronchopleural Fistula
			Lobar Torsion
			Venous Infarct
			Cardiac Herniation or Torsion
			Diaphragmatic Dehiscence
			Other Early Complications
			Tumor Recurrence
			Postpneumonectomy Syndrome
	Lung Transplantation
		Technique
		Complications
			Reperfusion Edema
			Anastomotic Dehiscence
			Anastomotic Stricture
			Rejection
			Posttransplantation Lymphoproliferative Disorder
			Other Complications
	Pleural Procedures
		Pleurodesis
			Decortication and Pleurectomy
			Open Pleural Drainage
	Mediastinal Surgeries
		Esophagectomy
		Mediastinal Tumor Resection
		Complications
			Anastomotic Leak
			Esophagopleural Fistula
			Anastomotic Stricture
			Chylothorax
			Nerve Injury
			Mediastinal Hematoma
			Sternal Dehiscence and Osteomyelitis
	Chest Wall Surgeries
		Types and Techniques
	Retained Surgical Foreign Bodies
	Suggested Readings
13 Thoracic Trauma
	Introduction
	Pulmonary, Pleural, and Diaphragmatic Injuries
		Lung Contusions and Lacerations
		Tracheobronchial Injuries
		Injuries of the Pleural Space
			Pneumothorax
			Hemothorax
		Diaphragmatic Injuries
	Mediastinal Injuries
		Traumatic Aortic and Great Vessel Injuries
		Esophageal Injuries
		Cardiac and Pericardial Injuries
	Thoracic Skeletal Injuries
		Rib Fractures
		Sternal and Clavicular Injuries
		Thoracic Spine Injuries
	Suggested Readings
14 Community-Acquired Pneumonia
	Introduction
	Mechanisms and Patterns of Infection
		Inhalational Pneumonia
			Lobar Pneumonia
			Bronchopneumonia
			Interstitial Pneumonia
		Aspiration Pneumonia
		Hematogenous and Direct Spread of Infection
		Patterns of Host Response to Infection
	Complications
		Cavitation and Abscess
		Pneumatocele Formation
		Lymphadenopathy
		Pleural Complications
		Other Complications
	Clinical Approach to Pneumonia
	Bacterial Pneumonia
	Viral Pneumonia
	Fungal Pneumonia
	Parasitic Infection
	Conclusion
	Suggested Readings
15 Pulmonary Disease in the Immunocompromised Patient
	Introduction
	Pulmonary Diseases
		Pulmonary Infections
			Bacterial Infection
			Fungal Infection
			Viral Infection
		Malignant Neoplasms
			Kaposi Sarcoma
			Lymphoma
			Lung Cancer
		Lymphoproliferative Disorders
		Other Pulmonary Disorders
	Other Forms of Immunocompromise
		Radiologic Patterns of Pulmonary Infections
			Lobar or Segmental Consolidation
			Nodules and Masses With Rapid Growth or Cavitation
			Diffuse Lung Disease
		Diagnostic and Therapeutic Approach
	Suggested Readings
16 Mycobacterial Infection
	Introduction
	Tuberculous Mycobacterial Infection
		Primary Tuberculosis
			Consolidation
			Lymphadenopathy
			Pleural Infection
			Pericardial Effusion
		Healed Tuberculosis
		Extrapulmonic Thoracic Tuberculosis
		Postprimary Tuberculosis
		Miliary Tuberculosis
	Nontuberculous Mycobacterial Infection
		Cavitary Form (Classic)
		Bronchiectatic Form (Nonclassic)
	Conclusion
	Suggested Readings
17 Approach to Diffuse Lung Disease
	Introduction
	High-Resolution Computed Tomography Protocol
	High-Resolution Computed Tomography Evaluation
		Anatomy of the Secondary Pulmonary Lobule
		Lung Interstitium
	High-Resolution Computed Tomography Patterns
		Nodular Pattern (Table 17.2)
			Perilymphatic Nodules
			Random Nodules
			Centrilobular Nodules
		Reticular Opacities (Table 17.3)
			Interlobular Septal Thickening
			Intralobular Lines
			Honeycombing
		Increased Attenuation (Table 17.4)
			Ground-Glass Opacity
			Consolidation
		Decreased Attenuation (Table 17.5)
			Emphysema
			Cystic Disease
			Mosaic Attenuation
	Conclusion
	Suggested Readings
18 Diffuse Lung Diseases
	Introduction
	Idiopathic Interstitial Pneumonias
		Chronic Fibrosing Interstitial Pneumonias
			Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis
			Nonspecific Interstitial Pneumonia
		Acute and Subacute Fibrosing Interstitial Pneumonia
			Organizing Pneumonia
			Acute Interstitial Pneumonia
		Smoking-Related Interstitial Pneumonias
			Respiratory Bronchiolitis–Interstitial Lung Disease
			Desquamative Interstitial Pneumonia
		Rare Entities
			Lymphocytic Interstitial Pneumonitis
			Idiopathic Pleuroparenchymal Fibroelastosis
	Connective Tissue Diseases
		Rheumatoid Arthritis
			Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
		Mixed Connective Tissue Disease
		Scleroderma
		Myositis
		Sjögren Syndrome
	Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis
		Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis–Specific Diseases
			Farmer’s Lung
			Humidifier Lung
			Pigeon Breeder’s Lung
			Hot Tub Lung
	Sarcoidosis
	Cystic Lung Diseases
		Lymphangioleiomyomatosis
		Pulmonary Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis
		Other Diffuse Cystic Lung Diseases
	Eosinophilic Lung Disease
		Characteristics
		Loeffler Syndrome
		Chronic Eosinophilic Pneumonia
		Acute Eosinophilic Pneumonia
		Idiopathic Hypereosinophilic Syndrome
		Parasitic Infections
	Drug-Induced Lung Disease
		Patterns of Injury
			Noncardiogenic Pulmonary Edema
			Pulmonary Hemorrhage
			Pulmonary Fibrosis
			Eosinophilic Pneumonia
			Exogenous Lipoid Pneumonia
			Drug-Induced Lupus Syndrome
			Obliterative Bronchiolitis
			Illicit Drug Use
		Specific Drugs
			Amiodarone
			Nitrofurantoin
			Methotrexate
			Bleomycin
			Interferon
			Checkpoint Inhibitor Immunotherapy
	Suggested Readings
19 Pneumoconioses
	Introduction
	Pathophysiology
	International Labour Organization Classification of Pneumoconiosis
	Mineral Dust Pneumoconiosis
		Silicosis
		Acute Silicosis
			Imaging Findings
		Classic or Chronic Silicosis
		Simple Silicosis
			Imaging Findings
		Complicated Form or Progressive Massive Fibrosis
			Imaging Findings
		Silicosis and Mycobacterial Disease
		Accelerated Silicosis
		Prognosis and Treatment of Silicosis
	Coal Worker’s Pneumoconiosis
		Simple Coal Worker’s Pneumoconiosis
			Imaging Findings
		Complicated Coal Worker’s Pneumoconiosis
			Imaging Findings
		Differentiating Silicosis and Coal Worker’s Pneumoconiosis
	Caplan Syndrome
	Asbestos-Related Disease
		Pleural Manifestations
			Benign Asbestos Pleural Effusions
			Pleural Plaques
			Diffuse Pleural Thickening
		Parenchymal Manifestations
			Asbestosis
			Imaging
		Benign Parenchymal Lesions
			Rounded Atelectasis
		Malignant Neoplasms
			Bronchogenic Carcinoma
		Malignant Mesothelioma
	Talcosis
		Imaging Findings
	Beryllium
		Imaging
	Hard Metal Disease
	Aluminum
	Nonfibrogenic Pneumoconiosis
		Iron
		Tin
		Barium
	Complex Dust Diseases
		Dental Technician’s Pneumoconiosis
		Imaging
	World Trade Center Lung
		Pathology and Imaging
	Suggested Readings
20 Obstructive Lung Diseases
	Introduction
	Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
	Emphysema
		Clinical Features
		Pathologic Features
		Imaging Features
			Radiography
			Computed Tomography
				Clinical Indications, Applications, and Implications.
				Differential Diagnosis.
	Chronic Bronchitis
		Clinical Features
		Pathologic Features
		Imaging Features
	Asthma
		Clinical Features
		Pathologic Features
		Imaging Features
			Uncomplicated Asthma
			Complicated Asthma
	Constrictive and Obliterative Bronchiolitis
		Clinical Features
		Pathologic Features
		Imaging Features
	Swyer-James-Macleod Syndrome
		Clinical Features
		Pathologic Features
		Imaging Features
	Diffuse Idiopathic Pulmonary Neuroendocrine Cell Hyperplasia
		Clinical Features
		Pathologic Features
		Imaging Features
	Conclusion
	Suggested Readings
21 Pulmonary Tumors and Lymphoproliferative Disorders
	Lung Cancer
		Risk Factors
		Clinical Presentation
		Classifications
			Adenocarcinoma
				Clinical Features.
				Pathologic Features.
				Imaging Features.
			Squamous Cell Carcinoma
				Clinical Features.
				Pathologic Features.
				Imaging Features.
			Superior Sulcus Tumor
				Clinical Features.
				Imaging Features.
		Neuroendocrine Tumors
			Small Cell Lung Carcinoma
				Clinical Features.
				Pathologic Features.
				Imaging Features.
			Large Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma
				Clinical Features.
				Pathologic Features.
				Imaging Features.
			Carcinoid Tumors
				Clinical Features.
				Pathologic Features.
				Imaging Features.
		Sarcomatoid Carcinoma
		Carcinosarcoma
			Clinical Features
			Pathologic Features
			Imaging Features
		Pulmonary Blastoma
			Clinical Features
			Pathologic Features
			Imaging Features
	Mesenchymal Tumors
		Pulmonary Hamartoma
			Clinical Features
			Pathologic Features
			Imaging Features
	Metastatic Tumors
		Hematogenous Metastases
			Clinical Features
			Pathologic Features
			Imaging Features
		Lymphangitic Metastases
			Clinical Features
			Pathologic Features
			Imaging Features
		Endobronchial Metastases
		Diagnostic Workup
	Pulmonary Lymphoproliferative Disorders
		Primary Pulmonary Lymphoma
			Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue Lymphoma
				Clinical Features.
				Pathologic Features.
				Imaging Features.
			High-Grade B-Cell Lymphoma
				Clinical Features.
				Pathologic Features.
				Radiographic Features.
			Lymphomatoid Granulomatosis
				Clinical Features.
				Pathologic Features.
				Imaging Features.
		Pulmonary Involvement as Part of Systemic Lymphoma
		Nonneoplastic Pulmonary Lymphoproliferative Disorders
			Nodular Lymphoid Hyperplasia
				Clinical Features.
				Pathologic Features.
				Imaging Features.
			Follicular Bronchiolitis
			Lymphocytic Interstitial Pneumonia
				Clinical Features.
				Pathologic Features.
				Imaging Features.
			Inflammatory Pseudotumor
				Clinical Features.
				Pathologic Features.
				Imaging Features.
			IgG4-Related Lung Disease
				Clinical Features.
				Pathologic Features.
				Imaging Features.
		Posttransplantation Lymphoproliferative Disorders
			Clinical Features
			Pathologic Features
			Imaging Features
		Tumor Mimics
			Amyloid
				Clinical Features.
				Pathologic Features.
				Imaging Features.
			Lipoid Pneumonia
			Rounded Atelectasis
	Posttreatment Changes
		Chemotherapy-Induced Changes
		Radiation-Induced Changes
			Clinical Features
			Pathologic Features
			Imaging Features
		Immunotherapy-Induced Changes
			Clinical Features
			Pathologic Features
			Imaging Features
	Conclusion
	Suggested Readings
22 Incidental Pulmonary Nodule
	Introduction
	Approach to Assessment of Lung Nodules
		Attenuation
		Shape and Contour
		Enhancement
		Location
		Size and Evolution
	Management of Solid Nodules
		Radiograph
		Computed Tomography
		Guidelines
		Nodule Mimics
	Management of Subsolid Nodules
		Radiography
		Computed Tomography
		Transient Versus Persistent
		Guidelines
		Nodule Mimics
	Suggested Readings
23 Lung Cancer Screening
	Why Screen?
	Who to Screen?
	How to Screen?
	Lung Nodule Assessment
		Morphology
		Size
		Growth
		Presence of Calcification or Fat
	Pitfalls in Lung Cancer Screening
	Lung Nodule Management Algorithms
	Incidental Findings
	Structured Reporting
	Potential Harms of Low-Dose Computed Tomography Screening for Lung Cancer
		False-Positive Results in the NLST Trial
		Overdiagnosis
		Radiation
	The Future of Lung Cancer Screening
	Conclusion
	Suggested Reading
24 Lung Cancer Staging
	Introduction
	Imaging and Surgical Staging Procedures (Table 24.2)
		Imaging Modalities
		Surgical (Interventional) Procedures
	Tumor, Node, Metastasis Classification
		Primary Tumor
		Nodal Involvement
		Metastasis
		Changes From the Last TNM Staging Edition
	Group Stages and Treatment
	Multiple Cancers
	Suggested Readings
25 Interventional Techniques
	Introduction
	Biopsy of Lung and Mediastinum
		Indications and Contraindications
		Sedation Plan
		Tools and Technical Principles
		Procedure
		Postprocedure Care
		Complications
	Percutaneous Localization Techniques
	Thermal Ablation
		Indications and Contraindications
		Tools and Technical Principles
		Sedation Plan
		Procedure
		Postprocedure Care
		Complications
	Thoracentesis and Pleural Drainage
		Indications and Contraindications
		Tools and Technical Principles
		Sedation Plan
		Procedure
		Postprocedure Care
		Complications
	Suggested Readings
Index
	A
	B
	C
	D
	E
	F
	G
	H
	I
	J
	K
	L
	M
	N
	O
	P
	Q
	R
	S
	T
	U
	V
	W
	X
	Y
	Z
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