Thermal Data for Natural and Synthetic Fuels

Cover......Page 1
Half Title......Page 2
Title Page......Page 4
Copyright Page......Page 5
Dedication......Page 6
Preface......Page 8
CONTENTS......Page 16
1 Some Aspects of General Chemical Kinetic Theories Used in Thermal Analysis......Page 22
 1.1 Thermodynamics and Kinetics......Page 23
 1.2 Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Reactions......Page 24
 1.3 The Arrhenius Rate Law: Temperature Dependency of the Reaction Rate Expression......Page 25
 1.4 Temperature Dependency of the Frequency Factor and Activation Energy......Page 26
 1.5 Composition Dependency of the Rate Expression......Page 30
 1.7 Nonisothermal Reaction Analysis......Page 33
 2.1 Introduction......Page 38
 2.3 Ultimate Analysis......Page 39
 2.4 Thermogravimetry and Differential Thermogravimetry......Page 40
 2.5 Differential Thermal Analysis and Differential Scanning Calorimetry......Page 42
 2.6 ICTA Recommendations......Page 47
 2. 7 Manufacturers......Page 49
 3.1 Introduction......Page 51
 3.2 Determination of Kinetic Parameters Using Thermogravimetric Data......Page 53
 3.3 Determination of Kinetic Parameters Using Differential Thermal Analysis......Page 65
 4.1 Seiko TG/DTA......Page 68
 4.2 Procedure for Data Collection......Page 69
 4.3 Calibration of TG/DTA......Page 71
 4.5 Errors in Thermal Analysis......Page 72
5 Pyrolysis of the Components of Biomass......Page 76
 5.1 Hemicellulose......Page 77
 5.2 Cellulose......Page 85
 5.3 Lignin......Page 102
6 Natural Biomass......Page 123
 6.1 Wood......Page 125
 6.2 Agricultural Residues......Page 127
 6.4 Thermal Degradation of Natural Biomass Materials......Page 129
 7.1 Effect of Plant Storage......Page 172
 7.3 Effect of Growth Conditions......Page 173
 8.2 Densified Biomass......Page 192
 9.2 Recycling of Municipal Solid Wastes......Page 201
 9.3 Methods for the Preparation of RDF......Page 202
 9.4 Preparation Techniques for Different RDF Types......Page 204
 9.5 Variations in RDF......Page 205
 9.6 Thermal Degradation and Mechanism......Page 207
 10.1 Introduction......Page 221
 10.2 Physical and Chemical Composition of Coal......Page 222
 10.3 Some General Facts About Coal Constitution and Its Chemistry......Page 223
 10.4 Pyrolysis of High-Carbon Fuels......Page 224
 10.5 Charcoal......Page 226
 10.6 Peat......Page 227
 11.1 Vegetable Oil......Page 237
 11.4 Hydrocarbons......Page 238
 12.1 Effect of Heating Rate......Page 248
 12.3 TG Additivity......Page 249
Appendix A: Proximate and Ultimate Analysis of Fuels......Page 254
Appendix B: Sources of Samples......Page 263
Appendix C: References and Suggested Reading......Page 266
Index......Page 276