Papua New Guinea: Government, Economy and Society

Acronyms
List of figures
	Figure 2.1: Electoral quality internationally.
	Figure 2.2: Voter participation.
	Figure 2.3: 2017 voter participation by region.
	Figure 2.4: Average candidates per electorate by region.
	Figure 2.5: Minimum, median and maximum winning candidate vote shares over time.
	Figure 2.6: Incumbent turnover over time.
	Figure 2.7: Number of women elected in general elections.
	Figure 2.8: Share of votes that were invalid.
	Figure 2.9: Quality of governance under SMDP (1996–2006) and under LPV (2007–18).
	Figure 2.10: Clientelism in PNG and internationally.
	Figure 2.11: MPs and ministers by party in 2019.
	Figure 2.12: Length of prime ministers’ tenure.
	Figure 4.1: Growth of licensed security companies.
	Figure 4.2: Number of licensed guards.
	Figure 4.3: Funding for five anti-corruption organisations, 2008–22 (2021 prices).
	Figure 5.1: Population, 1975–2020.
	Figure 5.2: Resource dependency, 1980–2019.
	Figure 5.3: Agriculture and manufacturing as a share of non-resource GDP, 1980–2019.
	Figure 5.4: GDP deflators and CPI index, 1983–2019.
	Figure 5.5: Ratio of CPI to non-resource GDP deflator, 1983–2019.
	Figure 5.6: Annual real GDP growth, 1977–2019.
	Figure 5.7: GDP (from 1976) and non-resource GDP (from 1983) per capita, with different deflators, to 2019.
	Figure 5.8: Non-resource GDP per capita and the four sub-periods of PNG’s economic history post-independence, 1983–2019.
	Figure 5.9: Commodity exports as a percentage of GDP, 1976–2019.
	Figure 5.10: The composition of commodity exports by value, 1976–2019.
	Figure 5.11: Export volume indices of copra, copra oil, rubber, tea, cocoa and coffee, 1976–2019.
	Figure 5.12: Export volume indices of marine products, palm oil and logs, 1976–2019.
	Figure 5.13: Composition of non-resource commodity exports by value, 1976–78 and 2017–19.
	Figure 5.14: Resource export volume indices, 1976–2019.
	Figure 5.15: Composition of resource commodity exports by value, 1976–78 and 2017–19.
	Figure 5.16: PNG’s commodity export terms of trade, 1975–2019.
	Figure 5.17: USD price indices of some important commodities, 1976–2019.
	Figure 5.18: The value of resource, agricultural, timber and marine exports (Kina billion in 2012 prices), 1977–2019.
	Figure 5.19: Formal sector employment, totals and population percentage, 1975–2019.
	Figure 5.20: Formal employment by sector, 1978–2019.
	Figure 5.21: Urban and rural minimum weekly wage (Kina per week in 2012 prices), 1977–2019.
	Figure 5.22: Exports, imports and the current account balance (% GDP), 1976–2019.
	Figure 5.23: The PGK–AUD and PGK–USD exchange rates, 1975–2019.
	Figure 5.24: Real effective exchange rate index, 1980–2019.
	Figure 5.25: Foreign exchange (FX) reserves, 1975–2019.
	Figure 5.26: Government revenue and expenditure (% GDP), 1976–2019.
	Figure 5.27: Non-resource revenue, resource revenue and aid (% GDP), 1976–2019.
	Figure 5.28: (Non) resource revenue as a percentage of (non) resource GDP, 1980–2019.
	Figure 5.29: Deficits/GDP (%), 1976–2019.
	Figure 5.30: Debt/GDP, debt/revenue and interest/revenue (%), 1976–2019.
	Figure 5.31: Domestic and foreign debt as percentages of total, 1975–2019.
	Figure 5.32: Resource revenues and trust fund balances (% GDP), 1976–2019.
	Figure 5.33: Inflation and currency depreciation, 1976–2019.
	Figure 5.34: Deposits and lending ratios (% GDP), 1976–2019.
	Figure 5.35: Banks’ liquid asset ratios: Actual and statutory minimum, 1976–2019.
	Figure 5.36: Weighted average lending and deposit rates and spreads, 1976–2019.
	Figure 7.1: Percentage of urbanites: PNG, Melanesia and Oceania.
	Figure 8.1: Mobile telephones in use in PNG over time.
List of tables
	Table 2.1: Candidate numbers over time.
	Table 3.1: Decentralisation legislation in PNG: A chronology from 1995 onwards.
	Table 3.2: PNG’s subnational governments.
	Table 6.1: Share of urban and rural population according to the three DHSs (1996–2018, %).
	Table 6.2: Engagement in non-agricultural economic activity (1996–2018, %).
	Table 6.3: Household durable goods (1996–2018, %).
	Table 6.4: Household floor quality and crowding (1996–2018).
	Table 6.5: Household electrification, drinking water and sanitation (1996–2018, %).
	Table 6.6: School attendance (1996–2018, %).
	Table 6.7: Highest educational attainment (1996–2018, %).
	Table 6.8: Access to mass media (1996–2018, %).
	Table 6.9: Childhood mortality rates (1996–2018, per 1,000).
	Table 6.10: Child health (1996–2018).
	Table 6.11: Fertility rates and preferences (1996–2018).
	Table 6.12: Household composition (1996–2018).
	Table 6.13: Marriage and childbearing (1996–2018).
	Table 6.14: Women’s reproductive health and care (1996–2018).
	Table A.1: Definitions and data notes.
1. Introduction
Part I: Politics and Governance
	2. Elections and politics
	3. Decentralisation: A political analysis
	4. Crime and corruption
Part II: The Economy
	5. PNG’s economic trajectory: The long view
	6. Have living standards improved in PNG over the last two decades? Evidence from Demographic and Health Surveys
Part III: Society
	7. Uneven development and its effects: Livelihoods and urban and rural spaces in Papua New Guinea
	8. Communication, information and the media
Contributors
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