The Use of Force in UN Peacekeeping

Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
List of illustrations
Acknowledgments
List of contributors
Non-UN acronyms
UN acronyms
Introduction
	Questions of doctrine
	Questions of practice
	Conclusion
	Notes
PART I: Questions of doctrine
	1. The case of East Timor: Ancient history or the shape of things to come?
		Deployment of InterFET
		From InterFET to UNTAET
		Resurgence of violence
		The legal debates
		Brahimi and HIPPO on the use of force
		Politics and the use of force
		Jakarta elites
		Indonesian military leadership
		Former East Timor militia
		Role of international institutions
		Conclusion
		Notes
	2. Action adapted to circumstance: Peacekeeping doctrine and the use of force
		The nature of military doctrine
		Prodding the middle ground
		Peace support operations (PSO) doctrine
		UN peacekeeping doctrine
		Joint Doctrine Note 5/11
		Conclusion
		Notes
	3. Between absolute war and absolute peacekeeping: The question of the use of force in peacekeeping
		Peacekeeping and the importance of the notion of the enemy
		The use of force in peacekeeping: From traditional peacekeeping to robust peacekeeping and the responsibility to protect
		Going beyond Clausewitz: Theoretically coping with the question of the use of force in peacekeeping
		The question of the enemy
		The dialectic between absolute peacekeeping and absolute war
		The use of force as a function of the political objectives of the international community
		The tertiary trinity
		Friction and other intangibles
		The theoretical framework: A synthesis
		Conclusion
		Disclaimer
		Notes
	4. Is stabilization the new normal? Implications of stabilization mandates for the use of force in UN peacekeeping operations
		What does stabilization mean in the UN context and why does it matter?
		Characteristics of UN stabilization missions
		How does stabilization in the UN context differ from stabilization used in the US and UK doctrines?
		Implications for the use of force in UN peace operations
		Conclusion
		Notes
	5. The utility of military force to protect civilians in UN peace operations
		The utility of military force to protect
		Categorizing threats to civilians in UN peace operations
		Genocide
		Ethnic cleansing
		Regime crackdown
		Post-conflict revenge
		Communal conflict
		Predatory violence
		Insurgency
		UN protection operations in Africa (1999–2014)
		Geographical distribution
		Protection scenarios
		Success or failure?
		Matching perpetrator strategies
		The utility of military force to protect
		Conclusion
		Notes
	6. Protecting civilians with force: Dilemmas and lessons from the UN stabilization mission in Haiti
		The United Nations takes on the gangs in Haiti
		Collateral (civilian) damage and aftermath
		Ethical dilemmas and challenges explored
		Mandates—set not too high, not too low, but just right?
		Conclusion
		Notes
	7. The unintended consequences of the use of force by UN peacekeepers
		The evolution of the use of force in peace operations:
A “robust turn”?
		The unintended consequences of the use of force
		Conclusion
		Acknowledgments
		Notes
	8. The logic of force in UN peacekeeping: A policy primer
		Is the use of force a requirement of UN peacekeeping?
		Why is the use of force problematic?
		What needs to change?
		Are asymmetric environments different?
		Recommendations
		Conclusion
		Notes
PART II: Questions of practice
	9. Leadership in UN missions
		Leadership at the UN
		The mission leadership team (MLT)
		Mission implementation
		The importance of leadership preparation
		Reform of peace operations processes
		Peacekeeping principles and doctrine
		The mission atmosphere
		Leading by example
		Use of force
		Protection of civilians (POC)
		Robust peacekeeping
		Command and control
		Conclusion
		Notes
	10. The use of force and the civil–military dimension
		Peacekeeping and conflict resolution
		The UN, civil–military cooperation, and robust peacekeeping: A delicate balance?
		Civil–military cooperation with the local population
		The use of force in peacekeeping: Multiple approaches
		Challenges of robust peacekeeping
		Changing the practice of peacekeeping: Training peacekeepers and realigning structures?
		Conclusion
		Notes
	11. Generating the ability: The challenges of force generation
		Reimbursement
		The force generation processes and marketplace
		Performance standards
		Weapons proficiency
		Operational skills
		Preparation and approach
		Epilogue
		Conclusion
		Notes
	12. UN peacekeeping and international law
		Peacekeeping and the UN Charter
		The fundamental principles of peacekeeping
		Use of force
		The Responsibility to Protect doctrine and peacekeeping
		Conclusion
		Notes
Conclusion
	Recommendations
	Final thoughts
	Notes
Select bibliography
Index