The Sanskrit Language: A Grammar and Reader

Table of C ontents
Volume I
Foreword ................................................................................................................ Y
Introductory Remarks to the Student o f Sanskrit ......................................... 1
The System o f Writing ..................................................................................... ^
Rattling the Dry Bones o f Grammar ........................................................... 47
Lesson One ........................................................................................................ 51.
I. The Declension o f ^ and ....................................................... 51
II. Gender ............................................................................................. 52
HI. A Note on the Writing o f Final -m (-*Q .................................... 54
Lesson Two ...................................................................................................... 59
The Sanskrit Verb ................................................................................ 59
Lesson Three .................................................................................................... 68
The M ysterious Gerund ...................................................................... 68
A Heavenly R etreat ....-............................................................... 70
Lesson Four ........................................................................................................ 75
I. Nouns in -a (-3TT) 75
n . The Demonstrative ^ ...................................................................... 76
It\'s H arder than It May Seem ................................................... 78
L esson F ive .......................................................................................................... 81
More about the Sanskrit Verb .............................................................. 81
Guna and Vrddhi .................................................................................... 81
The Ways to Heaven ................................................................... 85
L esson Six ........................................................................................................... 90
The Past Passive Participle ................................................................... 90
The Brahman and the M ongoose .............................................. 94
L esson Seven ......................................................................................................... 99
Postprandial E xercises ........................................................................... 99
A. The Lion and the M ouse ....................................................... 99
B . The Brahman and the Three Rogues ............................... 103
L esson E ight ..................................................................................................... 106
I. N ouns in -l ......................................................................................... 106
II. The D em onstrative ......................................................... 107
The Twice-born and H is P late of B arley ............................... 10
L esson N ine ................................................................................................. 116
The M iddle V oice ............................................................................ 116
The Lion, the Old Hare and the Well ...................................119
L esson Ten .................................................................................................... 125
I. Masculine and Feminine Nouns in -i and -u ............................. 125
II. The Locative Absolute ............................................................. 127
The Blind Vulture and the Cat ................ ........................... 128
L esson Eleven ............................................................................................... 135
Changes of Sound between Words ................................................. 135
The Ass, the Dog and the Thief ............................................ 139
L esson T w elve .............................................................................................. 144
The Romance of Compounds ......................................................... 144
A Panorama of Indian Life .................................................. 147
L esson Thirteen ............................................................................................ 159
The Romance Continued: Analysis of Long Compounds ............. 159
The Training of Four Wayward Princes ............................ 165
L esson Fourteen ............................ .............................................................. 175
The Relative Pronoun and Related Words ..................................... 175
The Ascetic and the Tiger ..................................................... 178
L esson Fifteen ............................................................................................... 183
I. The Optative Mood ..................................................................... 183
II. V ow el Sandhi ............................................................................. 186
The Story of Sakuntala ..........................................................188
L esson Sixteen ................................................................................... ........... 198
Introduction to Consonant Stems ................................................... 198
The Story of Pururavas and Urvasi .................................... 208
L esson Seventeen .......................................................................................... 216
Changeable Stems with Two V ariants.............................................. 216
l. The Changeable Stems in -vat ( - ^ ) and -mat (-W ) ................. 217
II. The Present Active Participle in -at (-31^) ............................. 219
m . D eclension of Stems in -in ( ^ ) ............................................. 221
I. The Story of the Churning of the Ocean ......................... 221
L esson Eighteen ............................. 230
l. Changeable Stems with Three Variants .................................... 230
II. N egative or Privative Compounds ........................................... 232
m . Dvandva Compounds ............................................................... 233
II. The Churning of the Ocean ............................................. 233
L esson N ineteen ............................................................................................. 243
The Future Tense .............................................................................. 243
Sentences Illustrating the Future Tense .............................. 244
III. The Churning of the Ocean .......................................... 244

L esson T w enty ........................................................................................................ 254
I. The D ual and the Num eral 5 \'two\' ............................................... 254
1. Consonant Stem s .................................................................. 255
i. U nchangeable Stem s ................................................. 255
ii. Changeable Stem s ..................................................... 256
2. V ow el Stem s .......................................................................... 257
3. D uals o f Verb Forms .......................................................... 259
n . Pronouns o f the First and Second Person ................................... 260
1. 3 ^ ; T ..................................................................................... 261
2. ’Y ou ’ ............................................................................... 261
l. The Story o f Sagara and H is Sons ..................................... 262
L esson T w enty-O ne ................... 269
I. The Perfect T ense ............................................................................ 269
IE. The Im perative M ood .................................................................... 272
II. The Story o f Sagara and H is Sons ..................... ............. 274
L esson T w enty-T w o ............................................................................... 280
A djectives in -a rld -a c (English -w ard) ............................................ 280
m . The Story o f Sagara and H is Sons .................................. 284
L esson T w enty-T hree ........................................................................................ 293
N ouns Stem s in -r ....................... .......................................................... 293
IV . The Story o f Sagara and H is Sons .................................. 296
L esson T w enty-Four .......................... .............................................................. 305
Com bined Devanagari W riting. Sandhi A gain .............................. 305
V . The Story o f Sagara and H is Sons .................................... 307
L esson T w en ty-F ive ................................................... 317
N on-them atic V erbs ................................................... 317
V I. The Story o f Sagara and H is Sons .................................. 325
L esson T w en ty-S ix ............................................................................................. 338
N on-them atic V erbs Continued ....................................................... ;• 338
VII. T he Story o f Sagara and H is Sons ................................. 368
L esson T w en ty-Seven ....................................................................................... 380
I. Poetry in Sanskrit and the Sloka M etre ...................................... 380
n . The P assive System ......................................................................... 382
T he B hagavadgita ....................................................................... 389
I. A rjuna\'s D e sp a ir ................................................................... 390
L esson T w enty-E ight ........................................................................................... 404
l. C ausative V erbs ....... 404
II. D enom inative V erbs ....................................................................... 406
m . The Anaphoric Pronoun ^ 1 ^ .........................................................407
II. Krona\'s R ep ly .................. 413

Lesson Twenty-Nine ................................................................................ 431
I. Comparison of Adjectives ....................................................... 431
1. Comparatives and Superlatives in (-i-)yas and -i$tha 432
2. Comparatives and Superlatives in -tara and -tama ........ 434
II. Verbal Prefixes ....................................................................... 435
III. A Warrior\'s Highest Duty: A Righteous War ............. 442
IV. Action without the Fruits of Action ............................443
Lesson Thirty .............................................................................................452
I. The Aorist Tense ..................................................................... 452
1. The First or Sigmatic Aorist ........................................ 453
a) sa-type .................................................................... 453
b) 5-type ...................................................................... 454
c) z\'^-type .................................................................. 456
d) 5/5-type ................................................................. 457
2. The Second or Non-Sigmatic Aorist .............................458
a) Root type .............................................................. 458
b) Thematic or a-form ...............................................459
c) Reduplicated type .................................................. 460
II. Adverbs Formed by Suffixes ................................................. 460
III. Monosyllabic Nouns in -i and -w .......................................... 463
V. The Man Whose Attitude is Firmly Established ........... 473
Lesson Thirty-One .................................................................................... 483
I. Primary Derivation .................................................................. 483
II. Secondary Derivation ............................................................. 489
VI. Krona\'s Revelation (1) ............................................... 501
Lesson Thirty-Two ......................................................................................517
I. The Cardinal and Ordinal Numerals ......................................517
H. Symbolic Word Numerals ..................................................... 524
HI. The Numerical Signs for the Word Numerals
Place Notation and the Zero ............................................... 526
IV. Numerical Words ................................................................... 527
1. Adverbs of Manner .................................. 528
2. Multiplicative Adverbs .................................................. 528
3. Distributive Adverbs ...................................................... 528
4. Multiplicative Adjectives and Neuter Collectives ......... 528
V. Methods of Dating ....................................................................... 529
Examples of Numerals and Numerical Words .................. 532
VII. Krsna\'s Revelation (2) ......................... 542