The psychology of culture shock

Book Cover......Page 1
Half-Title......Page 2
Title......Page 3
Copyright......Page 4
Dedication......Page 5
Contents......Page 6
Figures......Page 10
Tables......Page 11
Foreword......Page 12
Preface......Page 14
SOCIAL SYSTEMS AS INPUTS, THROUGHPUTS AND OUTPUTS......Page 19
CULTURE CONTACT WITHIN AND BETWEEN SOCIETIES......Page 20
Outcomes of contact......Page 21
Contact and cultural diversity......Page 23
Theoretical accounts of contact......Page 24
INDIVIDUALISM AND COLLECTIVISM......Page 25
Interpersonal correlates of I-C......Page 28
Antecedents of individualism-collectivism......Page 29
Culture contact consequences of individualism-collectivism......Page 30
CONCLUDING REMARKS......Page 31
CHAPTER SUMMARY......Page 32
NOTE......Page 33
Tourists......Page 34
International students......Page 36
International business people......Page 37
Immigrants......Page 38
Refugees......Page 39
DIMENSIONS OF INTERCULTURAL CONTACT......Page 41
Group outcomes......Page 42
Assimilation......Page 43
Segregation......Page 44
Individual outcomes......Page 45
Historical approaches......Page 48
Contemporary approaches......Page 51
INTERCULTURAL CONTACT AND ADAPTATION......Page 55
A MODEL OF THE ACCULTURATION PROCESS......Page 57
CHAPTER SUMMARY......Page 59
SOCIAL INTERACTION......Page 66
THE SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY OF THE CROSS-CULTURAL ENCOUNTER......Page 67
CROSS-CULTURAL DIFFERENCES IN HOW PEOPLE COMMUNICATE......Page 68
Polite usage: Etiquette......Page 69
Resolving conflict......Page 70
Non-verbal communication......Page 71
Bodily contact......Page 72
Rules and conventions......Page 73
Forms of address......Page 75
INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION THEORY: INTEGRATING THE COMMUNICATION ELEMENTS......Page 76
SOCIAL RELATIONS IN MULTICULTURAL SOCIETIES......Page 78
CROSS-CULTURAL TRANSITION AND SOCIAL DIFFICULTY......Page 80
CHAPTER SUMMARY......Page 84
4 Stress, coping and adjustment......Page 86
FACTORS AFFECTING STRESS, COPING AND ADJUSTMENT......Page 87
Life changes......Page 88
Appraisal and coping styles......Page 91
Stress, coping and psychological adjustment over time......Page 95
Personality......Page 99
Social support......Page 101
Coping resources: Knowledge and skills......Page 105
Modes of acculturation......Page 107
Acculturation status and demographic factors......Page 109
Cultural distance and modernisation......Page 111
CHAPTER SUMMARY......Page 112
5 Social identification theories......Page 114
Acculturation and identity......Page 115
Social identity theory......Page 119
IDENTITY, ACCULTURATION AND INTERCULTURAL CONTACT......Page 122
INTERGROUP PERCEPTIONS AND RELATIONS......Page 127
Attributions and stereotypes......Page 128
Perceived discrimination......Page 130
SOCIAL IDENTIFICATION THEORIES AND MULTICULTURAL IDEOLOGY......Page 133
CHAPTER SUMMARY......Page 135
NOTES......Page 137
6 Tourists......Page 142
The psychological effects of unfamiliar cultural environments on tourists......Page 145
Tourist motives and behaviours......Page 146
Section summary......Page 150
Tourist-host perceptions and interactions......Page 151
The effects of tourism on host cultures......Page 152
CHAPTER SUMMARY......Page 155
7 Sojourners: International students......Page 157
HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES......Page 158
EMPIRICAL RESEARCH ON STUDENT SOJOURNERS......Page 161
Bochner’s functional model of friendship networks......Page 162
The importance of social support......Page 165
Intergroup perceptions and relations......Page 166
The problems of international students......Page 168
The intercultural classroom......Page 170
Longitudinal studies of international student adaptation......Page 174
Re-entry......Page 176
CHAPTER SUMMARY......Page 180
8 Sojourners: International business people......Page 183
CULTURAL DISTANCE, WORK PERFORMANCE AND ADAPTATION OF BUSINESS SOJOURNERS......Page 184
Leadership style......Page 187
Self-managing teams......Page 189
Joint ventures in China: A case study......Page 191
Selecting international managers......Page 192
Conceptual models of expatriate adjustment......Page 193
Cultural distance......Page 195
Host attitudes and interactions......Page 197
Mentoring as a special case of social support......Page 198
Expatriate women......Page 199
Dual-career expatriates......Page 201
Repatriation......Page 202
Inpatriation......Page 203
CHAPTER SUMMARY......Page 204
9 Immigrants......Page 207
National policy and ideology......Page 209
Attitudes toward immigration and immigrants......Page 212
Psychological adaptation......Page 216
Sociocultural adaptation......Page 220
Economic adaptation......Page 221
Ethnic identity......Page 224
Immigrant parents and children......Page 226
Identity and intergroup relations......Page 227
Academic achievement......Page 229
Cross-cultural comparisons......Page 230
CHAPTER SUMMARY......Page 231
NOTE......Page 233
10 Refugees......Page 234
REFUGEE STATUS AND MENTAL HEALTH......Page 236
PRE- AND POSTMIGRATION EXPERIENCES AND ADJUSTMENT OVER TIME......Page 243
STRESS, COPING AND ADJUSTMENT......Page 246
ACCULTURATION, IDENTITY AND INTERCULTURAL RELATIONS......Page 252
CHAPTER SUMMARY......Page 257
NOTES......Page 258
11 Culture training......Page 260
TRAINING PRINCIPLES, ISSUES AND AIMS......Page 264
SOJOURNER TRAINING......Page 266
Culture-contact KSAAs......Page 267
Information-giving......Page 268
Cultural sensitisation......Page 269
Simulations......Page 270
The critical incident technique......Page 272
Culture assimilators......Page 273
Experiential learning by doing......Page 276
Evaluation......Page 277
Training for bicultural competence......Page 278
Training for occupational skills for workers with minority clients......Page 279
CHAPTER SUMMARY......Page 280
THE ABCs OF ‘CULTURE SHOCK’......Page 282
Between-society contact......Page 286
Within-society contact......Page 288
Between-society relations......Page 289
Within-society relations......Page 291
FINAL REMARKS......Page 292
References......Page 293
Author index......Page 358
Subject index......Page 377