The Process of Question Answering: A Computer Simulation of Cognition

Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Original Title Page
Dedication
Original Copyright Page
Table of Contents
Preface
1 Problems, Previews, and Programs
	1.0 Introduction
	1.1 What Is Hard About Answering Questions?
	1.2 Where We are Going
	1.3 QUALM
	1.4 Computer Programs Using QUALM
2 Motivation and Background
	2.0 Human Question Answering
	2.1 Conceptual Dependency
	2.2 Causal Chain Constructions
	2.3 Understanding Stories
	2.4 Scripts and Plans
	2.5 Story Representations
	2.6 Artificial Intelligence and Cognitive Psychology
Part I: Interpretation: Understanding Questions
	Introduction
	Four Levels of Understanding
	The Conceptual Parse
	Memory Internalization
	Conceptual Categorization
	Inferential Analysis
3 Conceptual Categories for Questions
	3.0 Introduction
	3.1 Causal Antecedent
	3.2 Goal Orientation
	3.3 Enablement
	3.4 Causal Consequent
	3.5 Verification
	3.6 Disjunctive
	3.7 Instrumental/Procedural
	3.8 Concept Completion
	3.9 Expectational
	3.10 Judgmental
	3.11 Quantification
	3.12 Feature Specification
	3.13 Request
	3.14 The Question Analyzer
4 Recategorizing Questions by Inferential Analysis
	4.0 Introduction
	4.1 Contextual Inferences
	4.2 Context-Independent Inferences
	4.3 Knowledge-State-Assessment Inferences
Part II: Memory Searches: Finding An Answer
	Introduction
	Deciding How To Answer a Question
	Carrying Out Orders
	Answering Better by Understanding More
	Generation into English
5. Content Specification
	5.0 Introduction
	5.1 Intentionality
	5.2 Elaboration Options
	5.3 Category-Trace Instructions
	5.4 Elaborating Upon Elaboration Options
6 Searching Memory
	6.0 Introduction
	6.1 Causal Antecedent
	6.2 Goal Orientation
	6.3 Enablement
	6.4 Causal Consequent
	6.5 Verification
	6.6 Disjunctive
	6.7 Instrumental/Procedural
	6.8 Concept Completion
	6.9 Expectational
	6.10 Judgmental
	6.11 Quantification
	6.12 Feature Specification
	6.13 Concluding Remarks on Retrieval Heuristics
7 Focus Establishment
	7.0 Introduction
	7.1 Different Kinds of Focus
	7.2 When Focus Is Established
	7.3 A Script-Based Focus Heuristic
8 Understanding What Did Not Happen
	8.0 Introduction
	8.1 Aroused Expectations
	8.2 Violated Expectations
	8.3 Answering Questions About Expectations
	8.4 Answering Questions About Possibilities
	8.5 Classification of Expectational Questions
	8.6 Script-Based Expectations
	8.7 How to Remember Things You Forgot
9 Finding the Best Answer
	9.0 Introduction
	9.1 Answer-Selection Model
	9.2 Going Beyond Answer Selection
	9.3 Looking Inside MBUILDs
	9.4 Concluding Remarks
10 Conceptual Primitives for Physical Objects
	10.0 Introduction
	10.1 Object Primitives
	10.2 Applications for Object Primitives
	10.3 Conclusions
11 More Problems
	11.0 Preface
	11.1 Consistency Checks
	11.2 Modeling Knowledge States
	11.3 Conversation Theory
	11.4 What Every Lawyer Should Know
	11.5 General Q/A
12 Perspective and Conclusions
	12.0 Preface
	12.1 Other Q/A Systems
	12.2 Summary
References
Author Index
Subject Index