The Pearson Guide to Physical Chemistry for the IIT-JEE

Cover
Contents
Preface
Acknowledgements
Chapter 1: Mole Concept and Stoichiometry
	Dalton’s Atomic Theory
		Main Assumptions
		Modern View about the Atom
	Avogadro’s Law
	Mole
		To Find Total Number of Identities
	Mass
		Atomic Mass
		Molecular Mass
		Determination of Molar Mass
		Equivalent Weight
		Methods to Find Equivalent Weight
		Chemical Formula
		Empirical and Molecular Formulas
		Empirical Formula
		Molecular Formula
		Expression of Concentration of Solution
			Concentration
			Molarity
			Molality
			Normality
			Normality Equation
			Relation between Normality and Molarity
			Mole Fraction
			Limiting Reagent
		Chemical Equations and Numerical Calculations
		Gravimetric Analysis
		n-Factor or Valence Factor
		Calculation of n–Factor
		Laws of Equivalence
		POAC (Principle of Atom Conservation) Method
		Volumetric Analysis (Titration)
		Types of Titration
		Volume Strength of H2O2 Solution
		Percentage Labelling of Oleum
		Hardness of Water
		Enhance Your Knowledge
		In Redox Titration
		In Acid Base Titration
	Solved Problems from the IITs
	Multiple-Choice Questions
	Answers
	Hints and Explanations
	Numericals for Practice
	Hints and Explanations
Chapter 2: Gaseous and Liquid States
	Characteristics of Gas
	Gas Laws
		Relation between Density and Pressure
		Various Plots between Pressure vs Volume
	Charle’s Law
		Relation Between Density and Temperature
		Volume Coefficient
		Absolute Scale of Temperature or Absolute Zero
		Plots between V vs T
		Plots between P vs T
		Pressure Coefficient
		Avogadro’s Law
		Molar Volume or Gram Molecular Volume
		Avogadro Number
		Combined Gas Laws and Ideal Gas Equation
		Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressure
		Some Other Relations Based on Graham’s Law
		Differentiation between Diffusion and Effusion
		Uses of Graham’s Law
		Kinetic Theory of Gases
		Main Assumptions
		Kinetic Gas Equation
		Kinetic Energy Calculation
		Molecular Speed Graph or Maxwell Distribution of Velocities
	Different Velocity Terms
		Deviation of Real Gases from Ideal++ Gas Behaviour
	Ideal Gas
	Real Gas
	Van Der Waal’s Equation
		Units of a and b
		Significance of a and b
		Limitations of Van Der Waal’s Equation
		Van Der Waal’s Equation in Terms of Compressibility Factor
		Explanations for Real Gas Behaviour
		Gas Analysis or Eudiometry
	Liquid State
		Guldberg’s Rule
		Trouton’s Law
	Vapour Pressure
	Enhance Your Knowledge
	Solved Problems from the IITs
	Multiple-Choice Questions
		Answers
	Hints and Explanations
	Numericals for Practice
		Answer Keys
	Hints and Explanations
Chapter 3: Atomic Structure
	Atomic Theory
		Main Postulates of Atomic Theory
		Modern View of Atomic Theory
		Sub-Atomic Particles or Constituents of Atoms
	Rutherford’s Atomic Model
		Quantum Theory
		Electronic Structure of Atoms
	Bohr’s Atomic Model
		Ionization Energy and Excitation Energy
		Drawbacks of Bohr’s Theory
	Spectrum of Hydrogen Atom
		To Find Spectrum Lines
		Derivation of Rydberg Equation
		De Broglie Equation and Dual Naturetheory
		Derivation of Bohr’s Postulate
		Relation Between Wave Length and Kinetic Energy
		Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle
		Concept of Probability
		Schrodinger Wave Equation
		Significance of
		Orbital
		Shape of Orbitals
		Some Facts about Orbitals
		Degenerate Orbital
		Radial Probability Distribution Function
		Various Probability Curves
	Quantum Numbers
		Principle Quantum Number
		Azimuthal or Secondary or Angular Momentum Quantum Number
		Magnetic Quantum Number
		Spin Quantum Number
		Electronic Configuration
		Pauli Exclusion Principle
		Uses of Pauli’s Law
		Violation of Paulis Law
		Some Exceptional Configurations
		Exchange Energy
		Some Other Exceptional Onfigurations
		Violation of Aufbau Rule
		Hund’s Rule of Maximum Multiplicity
		To Find Colour
	Enhance Your Knowledge
	Solved Problems from the IITs
	Multiple-Choice Questions
		Answers
	Hints and Explanations
	Numericals for Practice
		Answer Kyes
	Hints and Explanations
Chapter 4: Energetics
	Thermodynamics
		Main Objectives of Thermodynamics
		Limitations
		Terms Related to Thermodynamics System
		Surroundings
		Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Systems
		Homogeneous Systems
		Heterogeneous Systems
		Thermodynamic Process
		Types of Process
		Reversible or Quasi-Static Process
		Irreversible Process
		Polytropic Process
		Thermodynamic Equilibrium
	Heat and Work
		Heat
		Work
		Internal Energy or Intrinsic Energy
		First Law or Law of Conservation of Energy
		Mathematical Formulation of the First Law
	Pressure–Volume Work
		Isothermal Irreversible Expansion of an Ideal Gas
		Work Done in Isothermal Reversible Expansion of an Ideal Gas
		Adiabatic Reversible Expansion of an Ideal Gas
		Irreversible Adiabatic Expansion
		Adiabatic Compression Work
		Limitations of the First Law of Thermodynamics
		Heat Content or Enthalpy Change or Heat Content (H)
		Heat Capacity
		Thermochemistry
		Exothermic Reaction
		Endothermic Reaction
		Heat or Enthalpy of Reaction
		Factors Effecting Heat of Reaction
		Heat of Formation
		Heat of Combustion
		Heat of Neutralization
		Measurement
		Heat of Hydration
		Bond Energy
		Heat of Dilution
		Heat of Solution
		Heat of Fusion
		Heat of Vaporization
		Heat of Sublimation
		Heat of Atomization
		Law’s of Thermochemistry
		Hess’s Law
		Applications Hess Law
		Second Law of Thermodynamics
		Spontaneous Process
	Entropy
		Randomness α Entropy
		Entrophy and Temprature
		Mathematical Definitionof Entropy
		Entropy Changes in Processes
		Some Facts about Entropy
		Some Examples of Entropy Change
		Physical Significance of Entropy
		Gibbs’s Free Energy
		ΔG and Criteria of Spontaneity
	Enhance Your Knowledge
	Solved Problems from the IITs
	Multiple-Choice Questions
		Answers
	Hints and Explanations
	Numericals for Practice
		Answer Keys
	Hints and Explanations
Chapter 5 A: Chemical Equilibrium
	Type of Reactions
	Equilibrium
	Chemical Equilibrium
		Features of Chemical Equilibrium
		Active Mass or Molar Concentration
		Law of Mass Action
			Reaction Quotient or Concentration Quotient (Q):
	Equilibrium Constant
		Factors Effecting Equilibrium Constant
		Expressions of Kc and Kp for Some Reactions
		Degree of Dissociation (α):
	Le Chateliers Principle
		Effect of Concentration
		Effect of Pressure
		Effect of Temperature
		Effect of Adding Inert Gas on Equilibrium
	Solved Problems from the IITs
	Multiple-Choice Questions
		Answers
	Hints and Explanations
	Numericals for Practice
		Answer Keys
	Hints and Explanations
Chapter 5 B: Ionic Equilibrium
	Ionic Equiilibrium
		Type of Substances
		Ostwald Dilution Law
		Common Ion Effect
		Ionic Product of Water
		Buffer Solution
		Buffer Capacity
		Type of Buffer Solution
		Uses of Buffer
		Solubility
		General Representation
		Relation Between Solubility(S) and Solubility Product (Ksp)
		Solubility Product and Precipitation
		Application of Solubility Product
		Salt Hydrolysis
	Acid and Bases
		Arrhenius Concept of Acid and Base
		Strength of Acid and Base
		Bronsted Lowry Concept or Proton Concept
		Amphoteric or Ampholyte Substances
		Lewis Concept of Acid and Base
		Strength of Lewis Acid
		Strength of Lewis Base
	Enhance Your Knowledge
	Solved Problems from the IITs
	Multiple-Choice Questions
		Answers
	Hints and Explanations
	Numericals for Practice
		Answer Keys
	Hints and Explanations
Chapter 6: Electrochemistry
	Electrochemistry
	Electrolysis
		Electrolysis of Some Electrolytes
		Examples of Electrolysis
		Product of Electrolysis
	Faraday’s Laws of Electrolysis
		Faraday’s First Law of Electrolytes
		Faraday’s Second Law of Electrolytes
		Application of Faraday’s Laws
	Electrical Conductance
		Ohm’s Law
		Cell Constant
		Effect of Dilution on Specific Conductance
		Equivalent Conductivity
		Molar Conductivity
		Effect of Dilution on Molar Conductivity
		Debye–Huckel–Onsagar Equation
		Kohlrausch Law
		Electrochemical Cell or Galvanic Cell or Voltaic Cell
		Galvanic or Daniel Cell
		Saltbridge
		Electrodes or Half Cells
		Types of Electrodes or Half Cells
		Types of Electrode Potential
		EMF of the Cell or Cell Voltage
		Difference between Emf and Cell Potential
		Nernst Equation
		Equilibrium Constant and Cell Potential
		Thermodynamics Relationship of Cell
		Concentration Cells
	Electrochemical Series
		Features of Electrochemical Series
		Enhance Your Knowledge
		Dry Cell
		Cell Reactions
		Mercury Cell
		Secondary Cell
		Batteries
		Fuel Cell
		Cell Reactions
		Electrolyte
		Factors Promoting Corrosion
		Prevention of Corrosion
		Galvanization
		Electrical Protection
	Solved Problems from the IITs
	Multiple-Choice Questions
		Answers
	Hints and Explanations
	Numericals for Practice
Chapter 7: Chemical Kinetics
	Chemical Kinetics
		Rate of Reaction
		Features of Rate of Reaction
		Units of Rate of Reaction
		Instantaneous Rate of Reaction
		Reaction Rate or Velocity Constant
		Factors Effecting Rate of Reaction and Rate Constant
		Temperature
		Concentration
		Surface Area
		Nature of Reactant and Product
		Radiation
		Positive Catalyst
	Collision Theory
	Activation Energy
		Determination of Activation Energy
		Arrehenius Equation
		Molecularity
		Rate Law and Order of Reaction
			Order of Reaction
			First Order Reaction
			Features of First Order Reactions
			Pseudo–Unimolecular Reaction
	Enhance Your Knowledge
		Elementary and Complex Reactions
		Zero Order Reaction
		Features of Zero Order Reaction:
		Photo Chemical Reactions
	Various Plots
	Solved Problems from the IITs
	Multiple-Choice Questions
		Answers
	Hints and Explanations
	Numericals for Practice
		Answer Keys
	Hints and Explanations
Chapter 8: Solid State
	Solid State
		Type of Solids
		Terms Related to Crystals
		Crystal
		Crystal Lattice or Space Lattice
		Face
		Edge
		Interfacial Angles
		Unit Cell
		Type of Unit Cell
			Types of Symmetry in Crystals
	Crystal Systems
		Packing of Constituents in Crystals
			Close Packing in Two Dimensions
			Packing in Three Dimensions
			Efficiency of Packing in Body Centered Cubic Structure
			Interstitial Voids
			Location of Voids in Unit Cell
			Mathematical Analysis of Cubic System
			Structure of Some Ionic Solids
			Normal Spinal Structure
			Inverse Spinal Structure
			Effect of Temperature and Pressure on Crystal Structure
			Imperfections in Solid
	Enhance Your Knowledge
		Electrical Properties of Solid
		Effect of Temperature
		Curie Temperature
		Piezoelectricity
		Ferroelectricity
		Anti-ferroelectricity
		Superconductivity
		Bragg’s Equation
		Applications
	Solved Problems from the IITs
	Multiple-Choice Questions
		Answers
	Hints and Explanations
	Numericals for Practice
		Answer Keys
	Hints and Explanations
Chapter 9: Solutions and Colligative Properties
	Solution
		Vapour Pressure of a Liquid
		Vapour Pressure of a Solution
	Raoult’s Law
		Raoult’s Law for Volatile Solutes
		Composition of the Vapour
	Ideal Solutions
	Non-Ideal Solutions
		Types of Non-Ideal Solutions
		Azeotropic Mixture
		Azeotropic Mixture and Composition Curves
		Types of Azeotropic Mixtures
		Azeotropic Mixtures with Minimum Boiling Point
		Azeotropic Mixtures with Maximum Boiling Point
		Mixture Showing Ideal Behaviour or Zeotropic Mixture
		Colligative Properties
		Relative Lowering of Vapour Pressure
		Measurement of Lowering of Vapour Pressure Using Ostwald and Walker Method
		Elevation in Boiling Point
		Depression in Freezing Point
		Van’t Hoff’s Factor
	Enhance Your Knowledge
		Osmosis
		Osmotic Pressure
	Solved Problems from the IITs
	Multiple-Choice Questions
		Answers
	Hints and Explanations
	Numericals for Practice
		Answer Kyes
	Hints and Explanations
Chapter 10: Surface Chemistry
	Adsorption
		Adsorbent
		Adsorbate
		Features of Adsorption
	Absorption
		Positive and Negative Adsorption
		Occlusion
		Desorption
		Physical Adsorption
		Chemical Adsorption
		Factors Effecting Adsorption
			Uses
	Colloidal State
		Dispersion Phase and Medium
		Types of Colloidal System
		Classification of Colloids
		Preparation of Lyophillic Sols
			Dispersion method
			Condensation Methods
			Chemical Methods
			Physical Methods
		Purification of Colloidal Solutions
			Properties of Colloidal Solutions
			Physical Properties
			Mechanical Properties
			Optical Properties (Tyndall Effect)
			Electrical Properties
			Origin of Charge
			Electrical Charged Sols.
			Colligative Properties
			Coagulation of Flocculation
			Hardy-Schylz Rules
			Protection and Gold Number
	Emulsions
		Uses of Emulsions
	Gels
		Elastic Gels
		Non-Elastic Gels
		Thixotropy
	Enhance Your Knowledge
	Solved Problems from the IITs
	Multiple-Choice Questions
		Answers
	Hints and Explanations
Chapter 11: Nuclear Chemistry
	Radioactivity
		Reason for Unstable Nucleus or Radioactivity
		Mass Defect
		Binding Energy
		Packing Fraction
		Isotopes
		Isobars
		Group Displacement Law
		Rate of Radioactive Disintegration and Disintegration Constant
		Half-Life Period
		Average Life
		Nuclear Fission
		Nuclear Fusion
		Uses of Artificial Radioactive Isotopes
	Enhance Your Knowledge
	Solved Problems from the IITs
	Multiple-Choice Questions
		Answers
	Hints and Explanations
	Numericals for Practice
		Answer Keys
	Hints and Explanations