The Patagonian Shelfbreak Front: Ecology, Fisheries, Wildlife Conservation

Preface
Acknowledgments
Contents
Chapter 1: Introduction
	1.1 Marine Fronts; Shelf-Breaks and Shelf-Break Fronts
	1.2 Importance of Shelf-Break Fronts
	1.3 The Patagonian Shelf-Break Front
	1.4 The Ecology, Fisheries, and Wildlife Conservation of the Patagonian Shelf-Break Front
	1.5 Epilogue: The Future
	References
Chapter 2: Anatomy and Dynamics of the Patagonia Shelf-Break Front
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 Regional Setting
	2.3 The Surface Expression of the Shelf-Break Front
		2.3.1 Sea Surface Temperature
		2.3.2 Sea Surface Salinity
		2.3.3 Sea Surface Velocity
		2.3.4 Sea Surface Chlorophyll
	2.4 The Subsurface Characteristics
		2.4.1 Cross-Shelf Distributions
		2.4.2 Time Variability and Evidence of Shelf-Break Upwelling
	2.5 Dynamics of the Patagonian Shelf-Break Upwelling
		2.5.1 The Malvinas Current
		2.5.2 Wind-Induced Variability
		2.5.3 Mesoscale and Submesoscale Variability
	2.6 Long-Term Variability and Trend
	2.7 Summary and Perspective
	References
Chapter 3: The Phytoplankton of the Patagonian Shelf-Break Front
	3.1 Introduction
		3.1.1 The Permanent Patagonian Shelf-Break Front
		3.1.2 Studies Available on Phytoplankton in the PSBF
	3.2 Drivers of Phytoplankton Blooms in the PSBF
		3.2.1 Upwelling
		3.2.2 Other Mechanisms Responsible of High Productivity in the PSBF
	3.3 Primary Productivity and Phytoplankton Composition in Spring and Summer Blooms
		3.3.1 Primary Production
		3.3.2 Distribution of Phytoplankton Species in the PSBF
			3.3.2.1 Species Composition in Spring Blooms
			3.3.2.2 Species Composition in Summer Blooms
	3.4 Toxin Producing Species and Phycotoxins in the PSBF
		3.4.1 Historical Records of Harmful Algal Blooms (HABs)
		3.4.2 Toxin-Producing Microalgae, Associated Toxins and Syndromes
		3.4.3 Trans-Oceanic Plankton Connectivity and Dispersion of Toxic Species
	3.5 Concluding Remarks and Future Considerations
	References
Chapter 4: Zooplanktonic Crustacea and Ichthyoplankton of the Patagonian Shelf-Break Front
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Data Source
	4.3 Zooplankton
		4.3.1 General Diversity and Abundance Patterns
		4.3.2 Key Species and Distribution Patterns
		4.3.3 Seasonal Distribution Patterns and Life-History Traits Along the Shelf-Break
		4.3.4 Copepods
			4.3.4.1 Small-Sized Species
			4.3.4.2 Medium-Sized Species
			4.3.4.3 Large-Sized Species
		4.3.5 Amphipods and Euphausiids
	4.4 Ichthyoplankton
		4.4.1 Shelf-Edge Ichthyoplankton
		4.4.2 Slope Ichthyoplankton
		4.4.3 Oceanic Ichthyoplankton
		4.4.4 Early Fish Stages and Spawning Activity
	4.5 Linking Crustacean Zooplankton and Ichthyoplankton with Higher Trophic Levels
	4.6 Gaps and Prospects for Future Work on Zooplankton and Ichthyoplankton
	References
Chapter 5: Nekton in the Patagonian Shelf-Break Front: Fishes and Squids
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Biodiversity and Assemblages
		5.2.1 Bony Fishes
		5.2.2 Cartilaginous Fishes
		5.2.3 Squids
	5.3 Reproduction
		5.3.1 Bony Fishes
		5.3.2 Cartilaginous Fishes
		5.3.3 Squids
	5.4 Feeding Ecology
		5.4.1 Bony Fishes
		5.4.2 Cartilaginous Fishes
		5.4.3 Squids
	5.5 Migrations and Life Cycles
		5.5.1 Bony Fishes
		5.5.2 Cartilaginous Fishes
		5.5.3 Squids
	5.6 Discussion
	5.7 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 6: Benthic Assemblages and Biodiversity Patterns of the Shelf-Break Front
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Patagonian Scallop Fishery Assemblages
		6.2.1 Diversity and Assemblages
		6.2.2 Trophic Links and Productivity
		6.2.3 Disturbance by Fisheries
	6.3 Benthic Characterization Associated to Other Fisheries
		6.3.1 The Argentine Hake Fishery
		6.3.2 The Argentine Squid Fishery
	6.4 Benthic Communities at the Slope and Beyond: >200 M Depth
		6.4.1 Submarine Canyons
		6.4.2 Fragile Habitats and Key Sensitive Species
	6.5 Epibiosis and Bioerosion: Biodiversity Enhancers
		6.5.1 Living on Others: Sclerobiosis and Beyond
		6.5.2 Increasing the Biodiversity in Marine Communities
	6.6 Some Insights About General Biodiversity Trends
		6.6.1 Biodiversity in Context
		6.6.2 Biodiversity Trends
	6.7 Trophic Interactions: Fishes’ Benthic Preys
	6.8 Final Remarks
	References
Chapter 7: Fisheries in the Patagonian Shelf-Break Front
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Main Fisheries Resources
		7.2.1 Management
	7.3 Distant Countries’ Fishing Fleets from 1970 to 2019
	7.4 Argentine and Distant Countries’ Fleets from 2000 to 2019
		7.4.1 Fishing Fleets at the Patagonian Shelf-Break Front
	7.5 Spatial Distribution of Argentine and Distant Countries’ Fishing Fleets
	7.6 Sharks and Rays
	7.7 Conclusions and Final Remarks
	References
Chapter 8: Seabirds in the Argentine Continental Shelf and Shelf-Break
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 Seabird Movement and Distribution
	8.3 Finding Food in an Apparent Featureless Ocean
	8.4 Drivers of Seabird Biodiversity in the Continental Shelf and Shelf-Break
	8.5 Conservation Issues
	References
Chapter 9: Patagonian Shelf-Break Front: The Ecosystem Services Hot-Spot of the South West Atlantic Ocean
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 The Ecosystem Functions and Services at the Patagonian Shelf Break Front
	9.3 Climate Regulation at the Patagonian Shelf-Break Front
	9.4 Seafood from the Patagonian Shelf-Break Front
	9.5 Supportive Biodiversity Here and Beyond
	9.6 Perspectives Facing the Near Future
	References
Chapter 10: Species-Dependent Conservation in a SW Atlantic Ecosystem
	10.1 Purpose and Framework
	10.2 Conceptual Framework
		10.2.1 Protecting Spaces May Not Protect Species
		10.2.2 Selecting Spaces Prioritizing Species
		10.2.3 Conservation in the ESS
	10.3 The ESS, an Overview
		10.3.1 Oceanographic Regimes as Habitats
		10.3.2 Diversity and Distribution of Megafauna
			10.3.2.1 Marine Birds
			10.3.2.2 Marine Mammals
		10.3.3 Satellite Tracking Studies
		10.3.4 Use and Legal Framework
		10.3.5 Species Conservation in the ESS
			10.3.5.1 Precedents
			10.3.5.2 Protected Spaces
		10.3.6 “Seascape” Species and Threatened Marine Vertebrates
		10.3.7 Overview of a Regional Red-Listing Exercise
		10.3.8 Threats
			10.3.8.1 Integrating Red Listed and Seascape Species
			10.3.8.2 Integrating Red Listed Species and Protected Spaces
		10.3.9 A Conservation Plan for the ESS
	10.4 General Discussion
		10.4.1 The Relevance of Frontal Areas in Conservation
		10.4.2 Tools for Dynamic Conservation and Management Strategies
		10.4.3 Forced Climate Change
	References
Chapter 11: Food Web Topology Associated with the Patagonian Shelf-Break Front
	11.1 Introduction
	11.2 General Description of the Patagonian Shelf Break Front Food Web
	11.3 Base of the Food Web
	11.4 A Big World of Small Organisms
	11.5 Pelagic and Benthic Pathways
	11.6 Size Matters for Generalist Fishes
	11.7 Birds and Mammals: Are They Top Predators?
	11.8 Conclusion
	References