The NGOization of Social Movements in Neoliberal Times: Contemporary Feminisms in Romania and Belgium

Foreword
Preface
Praise for The NGOization of Social Movements in Neoliberal Times
Contents
List of Figures
List of Tables
Chapter 1: The NGOization of Social Movements: Between Opportunities and Constraints
	1.1 What Led to NGOization? Context and Incentives
	1.2 What Is NGOization? Related Process and Risks Entailed by NGOization
	1.3 Critical Perspectives on NGOization
	1.4 The Argument of the Book
	1.5 Case Selection and Data
	1.6 Brief Notes on Feminist Epistemologies and Methodologies: The Selection of the Units of Analysis
	1.7 The Selection of the Units of Analysis
	1.8 How the Book Proceeds
	Bibliography
Chapter 2: A Historical Overview of the Feminist Movements in Belgium and Romania
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 The Emergence and Development of the Feminist Movements in Belgium
		2.2.1 From Education to the Right to Vote: 1830–1918
		2.2.2 From Reconstruction to the End of WWII: 1918–1944
		2.2.3 From Economic Rights to the Decriminalization of Abortion: 1944–1990
	2.3 The Transformations of Feminist Movements in Romania
		2.3.1 Women’s Mobilizations for Civil and Political Rights: 1815–1933
		2.3.2 Anti-Fascist Resistance and Communist Politics: 1933–1948
		2.3.3 Women’s Organizations During State Socialism: 1948–1989
	2.4 A Comparative Perspective Between Belgian and Romanian Feminist Movements
	Bibliography
Chapter 3: The Institutionalization of Feminism: Inclusion and Marginalization
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 The Belgian Case
		3.2.1 The Development of an Institutional Architecture: Women’s Policy Agencies
		3.2.2 The Road Toward Feminist and Gender Studies in Belgium
		3.2.3 Institutionalizing Feminist Movement Participation: The Role of the POS
			3.2.3.1	 Decentralization and Federalization
			3.2.3.2	 Pillarization
			3.2.3.3	 Popular Education
			3.2.3.4	 The Security Context After the 2016 Brussels Bombings
	3.3 The Romanian Case
		3.3.1 The Development of an Institutional Architecture for Equality Between Men and Women and Non-discrimination in Romania
		3.3.2 The Road Toward Feminist and Gender Studies in Romania
		3.3.3 The Institutionalization of the Feminist Movement Participation and the Role of POS
			3.3.3.1	 The Anti-Communist Backlash
			3.3.3.2	 Europeanization and Transnationalization
			3.3.3.3	 The Buildup of Gender Equality Entities
			3.3.3.4	 The Buildup of Coalitions
			3.3.3.5	 Incorporation
	3.4 Inclusion and Marginalization: A Comparative Outlook
	Bibliography
Chapter 4: Participation in Official Settings: Between Co-optation and Resistance
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Autonomy Versus Dependence
		4.2.1 Autonomy Within
		4.2.2 Autonomy Outside
	4.3 Instrumentalization Versus Institutional Discursive Socialization
	4.4 Occupy the Space: Resistance to the Hegemonic Order
	4.5 Conclusions
	Bibliography
Chapter 5: The Routinization of Protest
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Reactive Versus Planned and Recurrent Mobilizations
	5.3 From Normalization to Internal Diversity. Bridging Social Capital
	5.4 Within Movement Cleavages and Challenges to Bridging
		5.4.1 Contentious Strategies Versus Institutionalized Tactics
		5.4.2 Feminist Activists Versus Women as Constituency
		5.4.3 Untangled Lines of Oppression
	5.5 External Challenges: Police Repression
	5.6 Conclusions
	Bibliography
Chapter 6: The Professionalization of the Feminist Movement
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 An Overview of the Literature on Professionalization
		6.2.1 The Sociology of Professions
		6.2.2 The Sociology of Social Movements
		6.2.3 The NGOization Literature
	6.3 Gender Expertise and Feminist Knowledge Production
		6.3.1 Institutionalized Knowledge Production and the Institutionalization of Expertise
		6.3.2 The Role of Feminist Knowledge Production
		6.3.3 Knowledge Production in Informal Collectives
		6.3.4 Knowledge Diffusion
	6.4 The Build-up of a Profession
		6.4.1 A Web of Interactions in the NGO Sector
		6.4.2 Feminist Workers in NGOs: Versatility/Polyvalence and Professional Distance
	6.5 Challenges Brought by Professionalization
		6.5.1 Between the Risks of Depoliticized Structures and the Advantages of New Politicized Subjects
		6.5.2 Paid/Unpaid Work Divide
		6.5.3 NGO Professionals: A Nine to Five Job?
		6.5.4 Emancipating on the Back of Others?
		6.5.5 Power Relations: Between Vertical and Horizontal Organizing in Feminist NGOs and Street Informal Groups?
	6.6 Conclusions
	Bibliography
Chapter 7: Neoliberal Bureaucratization and Feminist Movement Organizations
	7.1 Introduction: From Bureaucratization to Neoliberal Bureaucratization
	7.2 Why Comply? Predictability, Risk Management, and Transparency
	7.3 Governing at a Distance? The Role of Accountability
	7.4 The Power of Language: Formalities, New Subjects, and New Markets
	7.5 Resistance to Neoliberal Bureaucratization: Struggles and Challenges
	7.6 Conclusions
	Bibliography
Chapter 8: Governing Through Insecurity: Financial Dependence and Precarization in the Feminist NGO Sector
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 Funding Sources and Mechanisms in Belgium and Romania
	8.3 Financial Dependence: The Multiplication of Sources of Funds and the Fragmentation of Subsidies
		8.3.1 Channeling Through Time Misappropriation and Perceptions Gap
			8.3.1.1	 Project-Based Work, the Short-Term Logic of Action and the Entrepreneurial Capacity of NGOs
			8.3.1.2	 Declining Reactive Capacity
		8.3.2 Governing Through Insecurity
			8.3.2.1	 Organizational and Job Insecurity
			8.3.2.2	 Distributing Precariousness in Relations of Inequality
	8.4 Conclusions
	Bibliography
Chapter 9: NGOization: The Neoliberal Mode of Governance of Civil Society
	9.1 Institutionalization
	9.2 Professionalization
	9.3 Neoliberal Bureaucratization
	9.4 Precarization
	9.5 NGOization and the Consolidation of Anti-Gender Movements
	Bibliography
Appendix 1. List of Interviews
Appendix 2. Organizations
Index