The Iron Age in East Yorkshire: An analysis of the later prehistoric monuments of the Yorkshire Wold and the culture which marked their final phase

01. Prelims.pdf
	508 blue half title.pdf
	508 blue title.pdf
	508 blue verso.pdf
		John and Erica Hedges Ltd.
		British Archaeological Reports
02. Frontispiece.pdf
03. Authors file.pdf
	Preface
	Acknowledgements
	Table of contents
	List of illustrations
	List of Tables
	Summary:
	PART 1
	Introduction
		1.1 Introduction: land structure and ancient environments (figs. 1-3)
			1.2 The archaeological database
	PART 2
	Site analysis
		2.1 Analysis of aerial photographs (figs. 74-110)
			2.1.1 Site classification
				Published references
			2.1.2 Chronological Framework
				Relative sequences
				Absolute dating
					Burial features
				Dating by association
		2.2 Core area study: the Rudston district (figs. 13-21)
			2.2.1 Neolithic monuments
			2.2.2. Later bronze and iron ages
				Boundary features
				Curvilinear enclosures
				Field systems
				Open settlements
				Iron age burials
				Drove-way settlements
			2.2.3 Long term landscape history of the core area
		2.3 The wider implications of the Rudston study
			2.3.1 Neolithic and early bronze age burials and settlement. (figs. 23-26)
			2.3.2 Burial in the 1st millennium BC
			2.3.3 Linear systems on the Wolds (figs. 28-30)
				Cross ridge dykes (fig. 29)
				Route way marking systems (fig. 30)
				Long range dyke systems (fig. 30)
				Rectilinear enclosures and drove-way settlements (figs. 9, 10 and 33)
				Synthesis
	PART 3
	Iron age material culture
		3.1 Artefacts (figs. 34-45)
			3.1.1 Pottery (fig. 35, 36)
			3.1.2 Items worn about the body
				Pins (fig. 37, nos. 13 and 14)
				Brooches (fig. 37, nos. 1-12)
				Other fastening devices
				Bracelets (Fig. 39)
				Neck ornaments (Fig. 39)
				Finger, toe and ear rings
				Weapons
			3.1.3 Everyday tools
				Cloth manufacture (figs. 34 and 42)
				Cereal processing
				Various tools
				Transport
				Assemblages
		3.2 Settlements (figs. 46-58)
			3.2.1 Structural elements
				Round houses (figs. 47-50; 52-57)
					Double-ring houses
					Single ring houses
					Function and change
				Semi-circular slots
				Post squares.
				Other settlement features
					Pits
					Slots, post lines and ditches (figs. 52-54, 56)
			3.2.2 Use of Space
				Buildings (fig. 46, 47, 55)
				Enclosures (figs. 31, 52-54)
				Open settlements (figs. 50, 55-57)
				Landscapes (figs. 4, 58)
		3.3 Burials (figs. 59-66)
			3.3.1 Burial rites (figs. 59-60)
			3.3.2 Barrow morphology (figs. 61-65)
			3.3.3 Anatomical evidence
			3.3.4 Cemetery development (fig. 65)
				Cowlam (fig. 62)
				Burton Fleming (figs. 63)
				Wetwang Slack (figs. 64, 65)
				Rudston (figs. 63, 65)
				Garton Station and Kirkburn (fig. 62)
				Arras (fig. 4)
				Danes Graves
				Eastburn
				Scorborough
				Regional development
			3.3.5 Distribution of wealth (fig. 67)
		3.4 Discussion
			3.4.1 Monuments and continuity (figs. 13, 15, 17 and 21)
				Neolithic - Early Bronze Age
				Later Bronze Age
				Iron Age
			3.4.2 Production and economy
			3.4.3 Cultural contacts (fig. 69)
			3.4.4 Social organization
			3.4.5 Ideology and ritual.
			3.4.6 Perspective
	PART 4
	Appendices
		4.1 Aerial photography (fig. 74)
			4.1.1 Sample areas (figs. 75-110)
				SE 85 35
				SE 85 40
				SE 80 45
				SE 80 50
				SE 85 50
				SE 85 55
				SE 80 60
				SE 85 65
				SE 80 70
				SE 85 70
				SE 95 25
				SE 90 30
				SE 95 35
				SE 90 40
				SE 95 40
				SE 90 45
				SE 95 45
				SE 90 50
				SE 95 50
				SE 90 55
				SE 95 55
				SE 95 60
				SE 95 65
				SE 90 70
				SE 95 70
				TA 05 60
				TA 00 65
				TA 05 65
				TA 05 70
				TA 00 75
				TA 10 60
				TA 10 65
				TA 15 65
				TA 10 70
				TA 15 70
				TA 10 75
		4.2 Chronology (tables 1-6)
			4.2.1 Carbon 14 dates (tables 5, 6)
				Long barrows
					Garton Slack (Manby 1988)
					Hanging Grimston (Manby 1988)
					Kemp Howe (Manby 1988)
					Kilham (Manby 1988)
					Ling Howe, Walkington (Dent)
					Raisthorpe (Manby 1988)
					Seamer Moor (Manby 1988)
					Willerby Wold (Manby 1988)
				Later neolithic sites
					Easington (Manby 1988)
					Garton Slack site 28 (Manby 1988)
					Grindale barrow 1, phase 2 (Manby 1988)
					Low Caythorpe (Manby 1988)
					Wetwang Slack, area 15 (Dent)
					Wetwang Slack, area 7 (Dent)
				Round barrows, ring ditches and related burials
					Boynton barrow 1 (Manby 1988)
					Callis Wold 275 (Manby 1988)
					Grindale barrow 1(Manby 1988)
					Whitegrounds (Manby 1988)
					Whitegrounds, phase 2 (Manby 1988)
					Garton Slack Area 6 (Brewster 1981)
					Garton Slack Area 7 (Brewster 1981)
					Garton Slack Area 18 (Brewster 1981)
					Gristhorpe (Powlesland 1986, 122)
					West Heslerton 1R340 (Powlesland 1986, 169)
					West Heslerton (Powlesland 1986, 83)
					Wetwang Slack Area 8 (Dent)
					Wetwang Slack Area 6 (Dent)
					Wetwang Slack Area 12(Dent)
					Wetwang Slack Area 16 (Dent)
					Willy Howe, Cowlam (Powlesland 1986, 122)
				Hill forts and palisaded enclosures
					Grimthorpe (Manby 1980)
					Staple Howe (Brewster 1963, 140)
					Thwing (Manby 1985)
				Lake dwellings and trackways
					Barmston (Manby 1980)
					Watton Carr (Dent)
				Miscellaneous burials
					Garton Slack Area 14 (Brewster 1981)
					West Heslerton 1A18 (Powlesland 1986, 113)
				Boats and water offerings
					North Ferriby (Wright 1978)
					Roos Carr (Coles 1990, 326)
					Hasholme log boat (Millet and McGrail 1987, 78)
				Square enclosure burials
					Burton Fleming (Stead 1991a, 169-70)
					Garton Slack, Area 7 (Brewster 1981)
					Wetwang Slack (Dent)
				Settlement remains
					Garton Slack Area 5: Pit 14 (Brewster 1981)
					Garton Slack Area 9: Grain Silo 1 (Brewster 1981)
					Garton Slack Area 9: Pit 2 (Brewster 1981)
					Garton Slack Area 18: Pit 1 (Brewster 1981)
					North Cave Feature 100: pit or well (Dent)
					Wetwang Slack Area 12 (Dent)
				Anglian settlement
					Wetwang Slack Area 14 (Dent)
					Burton Agnes Wold (Abramson, 1996)
			4.2.2 Dendrochronological dates
				Watton Carr (Dent)
				Hasholme (Millett and McGrail 1987)
			4,2,3 Thermo-luminescence dates
				Hasholme (Millett and McGrail 1987, 78)
		4.3 Neolithic and early bronze age ceremonial and funerary sites (figs. 13, 14, 23-25, 112; table 7)
			4.3.1 The Great Wold Valley:
				Duggleby Howe, Kirby Grindalythe (SE 880 669)
				Esh\'s long barrow, Helperthorpe, Luttons (SE 959 689)
				Cross Thorns long barrow, Helperthorpe, Luttons (SE 962 679)
				Paddock Hill henge, Thwing (TA 030 707)
				Swaythorpe polygonal enclosure, Kilham (TA 035 693)
				Wold Newton barrow no.284 (TA 048 726)
				Willy Howe, Thwing (TA 061 723)
				Burton Fleming Grange, Burton Fleming (TA 060 728)
				Vicarage Closes, Burton Fleming (TA 072 724)
				Maiden’s Grave long enclosure (TA 001 717)
				Maiden\'s Grave henge, Burton Fleming (TA 096 706)
				Bell Slack long enclosure, Grindale (TA 110 717)
				West Field long and curvilinear enclosures, Grindale (TA 126 727)
				Cursus A, Rudston (TA 013 683 to TA 099 657)
				Cursus B, Rudston (TA 080 669 to TA 093 674)
				Cursus C, Rudston (TA 073 682 to TA 101 680)
				Cursus D, Rudston (TA 102 718 to TA 096 659)
				Monolith, Rudston (TA 098 677)
				Rudston House long enclosure, Rudston (TA 087 679)
				Denby House long barrow A, Rudston (TA 075 677)
				Denby House long barrow B, Rudston (TA 076 675)
				Denby House ovoid enclosures, Rudston (TA 078 676)
				Manor Farm long enclosure, Rudston (TA 097 669)
				The Sheepwalk long enclosure A, Rudston (TA 093 660)
				The Sheepwalk long enclosure B, Rudston (TA 093 658)
				West Field long enclosure, Burton Agnes (TA 095 644)
				South Side Mount, Greenwell barrow 67, Rudston (TA 107 665)
				Woldgate large circular enclosures (TA 117 662)
				Woldgate \"occupation\" sites, Rudston, Burton Agnes, and Boynton parishes (TA 095 655 to TA 130 670)
				High Easton long enclosure, Boynton (TA 157 699)
				Barrow 1, Grindale (TA 148 702)
				Barrow 1, Boynton (TA 156 704)
			4.3.2 The Great Slack:
				Station Farm linear monument, Wetwang (SE 941 599)
				Grange Farm hengi-form enclosure, Wetwang (SE 945 601)
				Garton Slack long barrow 37, Garton (SE 957 597)
				Gartonslack Gatehouse \"domestic\" pits, Garton (SE 960 595)
				Low Farm long enclosure, Garton (SE 967 586)
				Craike Hill, Kirkburn \"domestic\" occupation, Garton (SE 972 576)
				Garton Slack large ring ditch, Garton (SE 974 578)
				Garton Slack barrow 80, Kirkburn (SE 978 577)
				Garton Slack barrow 79, Kirkburn (SE 979 577)
				Garton Slack barrow 81, Kirkburn (SE 979 575)
				Eastburn Warren long enclosure, Kirkburn (SE 980 576)
				Garton Slack long barrow 134 (SE 988 576)
				Garton Slack barrow 112, Kirkburn (SE 987 578)
				Garton Slack barrow 137, Kirkburn (TA 002 562)
				Driffield \"domestic\" occupation (TA 021 575)
			4.3.3 Other neolithic monuments
				Long barrows
				Round barrows
				Long enclosures
		4.4 Later prehistoric land enclosure: linear boundaries (figs. 6, 28-32; table 8)
			4.4.1 Boundaries (Class 1a and 1b)
				Cross ridge dykes of the Wolds watershed (fig. 29)
					Western Wolds
						Toisland Wold. length: 1 km
						Vessey Pasture. length: 1 km
						Birdsall Brow  length: 0.7 km
						Aldro length: 0.2 km
						Acklam Wold length: 0.4 km
						Queen Dyke length: 0.8 km
						Callis Wold length: 1.3 km
						Greenwick length: 0.6 km
						Huggate Wold length: 0.5 km
						Huggate Dykes length: 0.8 km
						Blanch length: 0.4 km
					Northern Wolds
						Folkton Brow length: 0.3 km
						Flixton Brow length: 0.5 km
						Binnington Wold length: 0.2 km
						Potter Brompton length: 0.6 km
						East Heslerton length: 1 km
						West Heslerton length: 0.4 km and 0.7 km
					Other cross dykes of the Wolds escarpment
						Cot Nab length: 0.6 km
						Millington Grange length: c.0.6 km originally
						Cold Skin length: 1 km
						Fridaythorpe length: 1 km
				Major systems (fig. 30, 31)
					1. Acklam Wold-Duggleby-Folkton Wold; length: 32 km
						1a Acklam Wold to Birdsall East Wold
						1b. Birdsall East Wold to Duggleby
						1c. Bug Dale to Potter Brompton Wold
						1d. Potter Brompton Wold to Folkton Wold.
					2. Millington-Garton Wold-Driffield Wold-
					Ruston Parva-Woldgate; length 28 km
						2a. Millington to Huggate Dykes.
						2b Huggate Dykes to Wetwang
						2c. Wetwang to Elmswell Slack.
						2d. Elmswell Slack to Kilham.
						2e Kilham to Woldgate
					3. Woldgate-Reighton; length: 7.5 km
					4. Woldgate-Boynton; length: 3 km
					5. Burton Fleming-Sledmere-
					-Fridaythorpe--Millington length: 35 km
						5a Burton Fleming to Paddock Hill
						5b Paddock Hill to Sledmere
						5c Sledmere to Fimber
						5d Fimber to Fridaythorpe
					6. Foxholes - Kilham; length: 9 km
						6.1 Foxholes to Octon
						6b Octon to Kilham (1)
						6c Octon to Kilham (2)
					7. The Broachdale-Rudston Grange group
					length: 3.2 km
					8. The Broachdale-Bell Slack group length: 7 km
					9. Greenlands-Littlethorpe group length: 2.5km
			4.4.2 Linear trackways (Class 1c)
				10. Western watershed: Birdsall-
				Riplingham; length: 35 km
					10a Birdsall to Wayrham
					10b Huggate to Warter
					10c Warter to Arras
					10d Arras to Newbald
					10e High Hunsley to Riplingham
					11. The Great Wold Valley route length: 36 km
						11a Wharram le Street to Weaverthorpe
						11b Weaverthorpe to Wold Newton
						11c Wold Newton to Rudston
						11d Rudston to Bridlington
					12. Great Slack route from Fimber to
					Elmswell length: 10 km
						12a Fimber to Wetwang
						12b Wetwang - Elmswell
					13. The Great Wold Valley
					D-shaped enclosures length: 7 km
			4.4.3 Excavated linear features
				Bell Slack (TA 110 709 to TA 109 724)
				Cat Babbleton (TA 002 751)
				Caythorpe Gas Pipeline (TA 122 679 to TA 092 653)
				Cowlam (SE 983 667)
				Garton-Wetwang (SE 969 598 to SE 940 597)
				Huggate Dykes (SE 858 559)
				Lockington (TA 028 465)
				North Cave (SE 879 331)
				Thwing (TA 026 707)
				Welton Wold (SE 971 281)
				West Heslerton (SE 917 765)
				Wharram Percy (SE 857 645)
		4.5 Settlement sites (figs. 46-58; tables 9-10)
			4.5.1 Irregular curvilinear enclosures (Class 2b: fig. 52)
				Paddock Hill henge, Thwing (TA 030 707)
				Devil\'s Hill, Heslerton (SE 919 756)
				Staple Howe, Knapton (SE 898 750)
				Grimthorpe, Bishop Wilton (SE 816 535)
				Greenlands, Rudston(TA 115 683)
			4.5.2 Rectilinear enclosures (Class 3b: figs. 53, 54)
				Bell Slack, Burton Fleming (TA 110 709 to TA 109 724)
				Blealands Nook (SE 919 598)
				Brantingham (SE 931 288)
				Garton Slack-Wetwang Slack (SE 969 598 to SE 940 597)
				Langton (SE 815 676)
				North Cave (SE 879 331)
				Rudston villa (TA 090 667)
				Sewerby (TA 214 692)
				Welton Wold (SE 971 281)
				Wharram Percy Project (SE 857 645)
			4.5.3 Pit sites:(Class 5c)
				East Site, Burton Agnes (TA 104 653)
				West Site, Burton Agnes (TA 090 652)
				Pit Site, Burton Agnes (TA 099 642)
				West Field, Kilham (TA 019 646)
				Hanging Cliff, Kilham (TA 022 655)
				Tuft Hill, Kilham (TA 090 654)
				Wold House Farm, Driffield Wold, Nafferton (TA 011 615)
				Low Cowlam, Cottam (SE 968 648)
				Field House, Tibthorpe (SE 931 549)
				North Dalton (SE 928 524)
				North Wood, Rudston (TA 110 686)
				Denby, Rudston (TA 075 682)
				Rudston House, Rudston (TA 093 672)
			4.5.4 Round houses, semi-circular structures and post squares (Classes 2d and 4c)
		4.6 Iron age burials (figs. 27, 59-66)
			Acklam Wold, Acklam
			Arras, Market Weighton and Sancton
			Blealands Nook, Wetwang
			Boythorpe, Foxholes
			Bugthorpe
			Burton Fleming
			Caythorpe
			Cowlam, Cottam
			Danes Graves, Kilham and Nafferton
			Kirkburn
			Garton Slack, Garton on the Wolds
			Garton Station, Garton on the Wolds
			Grimthorpe, Millington
			Huntow, Grindale
			Hunmanby
			Middleton on the Wolds
			North Grimston
			Potter Brompton
			Rudston
			Scorborough
			Thorpe Hall, Rudston
			Westwood, Beverley
			Wetwang Slack, Wetwang
	Bibliography
04. Endpapers.pdf
Front Cover
Title Page
Copyright
Dedication
Preface
Acknowledgements
Table of Contents
List of Illustrations
List of Tables
Summary
PART 1: Introduction
PART 2: Site Analysis
PART 3: Iron Age Material Culture
PART 4: Appendices
Bibliography