The IGBT Device: Physics, Design and Applications of the Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor

Front Cover
The IGBT Device: Physics, Design and Applications of the Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor
Copyright
Dedication
Contents
About the Author
Foreword
Preface to the Second Edition
Preface to the First Edition
Chapter 1: Introduction
	1.1. IGBT Applications Spectrum
	1.2. Basic IGBT Device Structures
	1.3. IGBT Development and Commercialization History
	1.4. Scaling of Power Ratings
	1.5. Summary
	References
Chapter 2: IGBT Structure and Operation
	2.1. Symmetric D-MOS Structure
	2.2. Asymmetric D-MOS Structure
	2.3. Trench-Gate IGBT Structure
	2.4. Transparent Emitter IGBT Structure
	2.5. Novel IGBT Structures
	2.6. Lateral IGBT Structures
	2.7. Complementary IGBT Structures
	2.8. Advanced IGBT Structures
	2.9. Summary
	References
Chapter 3: IGBT Structural Design
	3.1. Threshold Voltage
	3.2. Symmetric IGBT Structure
		3.2.1. Blocking Voltage
		3.2.2. On-State Characteristics
		3.2.3. Stored Charge
		3.2.4. Turn-Off Switching Waveforms
		3.2.5. Turn-Off Power Loss
		3.2.6. Power Loss Trade-Off Curve
	3.3. Asymmetric IGBT Structure
		3.3.1. Blocking Voltage
		3.3.2. On-State Characteristics
		3.3.3. Stored Charge
		3.3.4. Turn-Off Switching Waveforms
		3.3.5. Turn-Off Power Loss
		3.3.6. Power Loss Trade-Off Curve
	3.4. Transparent Emitter IGBT Structure
		3.4.1. Blocking Voltage
		3.4.2. On-State Characteristics
		3.4.3. Stored Charge
		3.4.4. Turn-Off Switching Waveforms
		3.4.5. Turn-Off Power Loss
		3.4.6. Power Loss Trade-Off Curve
	3.5. Silicon Carbide IGBT Structures
		3.5.1. N-Channel Asymmetric SiC IGBT Structure
		3.5.2. Blocking Characteristics
		3.5.3. On-State Voltage Drop
		3.5.4. Turn-Off Characteristics
		3.5.5. Switching Energy Loss per Cycle
	3.6. Optimum SiC Asymmetric IGBT Structure
		3.6.1. Optimum Structure Design
		3.6.2. On-State Voltage Drop
		3.6.3. Turn-Off Characteristics
		3.6.4. Power Loss Trade-Off Curves
		3.6.5. Maximum Operating Frequency
	3.7. Summary
	References
Chapter 4: Safe Operating Area Design
	4.1. Parasitic Thyristor
	4.2. Suppressing the Parasitic Thyristor
		4.2.1. Deep P+ Diffusion
		4.2.2. Reducing Gate Oxide Thickness
		4.2.3. Diverter Structure
		4.2.4. Cell Topology
			4.2.4.1. Square window in a square array
			4.2.4.2. Circular window in a hexagonal array
			4.2.4.3. Atomic lattice layout
		4.2.5. Latch-Up Proof Structure
	4.3. Safe Operating Area
		4.3.1. Forward-Biased SOA
		4.3.2. Reverse Biased SOA
		4.3.3. Short Circuit SOA
	4.4. Novel Silicon Device Structures
	4.5. Silicon Carbide Devices
	4.6. Summary
	References
Chapter 5: Chip Design, Protection, and Fabrication
	5.1. Active Area
	5.2. Gate Pad Design
	5.3. Edge Termination Design
	5.4. Integrated Sensors
		5.4.1. Overcurrent Protection
		5.4.2. Overvoltage Protection
		5.4.3. Overtemperature Protection
	5.5. Planar-Gate Device Fabrication Process
	5.6. Trench-Gate Device Fabrication Process
	5.7. Lifetime Control
	5.8. Summary
	References
Chapter 6: Package and Module Design
	6.1. Discrete Device Package
	6.2. Improved Discrete Device Package
	6.3. Basic Power Module
	6.4. Flat-Pack Power Module
	6.5. Metal Baseplate Free Power Module
	6.6. Smart Power Modules
		6.6.1. Dual In-Line Packages
		6.6.2. Intelligent Power Modules
	6.7. Reliability
	6.8. Summary
	References
Chapter 7: Gate Drive Circuit Design
	7.1. Basic Gate Drive
	7.2. Asymmetric Gate Drive
	7.3. Two-Stage Gate Drive
	7.4. Active Gate Voltage Control
	7.5. Variable Gate Resistance Drive
	7.6. Digital Gate Drive
	7.7. Short Circuit Protection
	7.8. Magnetically Coupled Gate Drive
	7.9. Posicast Gate Drive
	7.10. EMI Reduction Gate Drive
	7.11. The BaSIC Topology
	7.12. Summary
	References
Chapter 8: IGBT Circuit Models
	8.1. Physics-Based Circuit Model
		8.1.1. SABER NPT-IGBT Circuit Model
		8.1.2. SABER PT-IGBT Circuit Model
		8.1.3. SABER IGBT Electrothermal Circuit Model
		8.1.4. SABER IGBT1 Model
	8.2. IGBT Analog Behavioral Model
	8.3. Model Parameter Extraction
	8.4. Summary
	References
Chapter 9: IGBT Applications: Transportation
	9.1. Gasoline-Powered Vehicles
		9.1.1. Kettering Mechanical Ignition System
		9.1.2. Electronic Ignition System
		9.1.3. Ignition IGBT Design
		9.1.4. Dual-Voltage Clamped Ignition IGBT Design
		9.1.5. Smart Ignition IGBT Design
		9.1.6. Ignition IGBT Products
	9.2. Auxiliary Automotive Drives
	9.3. Electric and Hybrid Electric Vehicles
		9.3.1. EV Inverter Design
		9.3.2. EV IGBT Chip Design
		9.3.3. EV Regenerative Breaking
	9.4. EV Charging Stations
		9.4.1. EV Charging Requirements
		9.4.2. EV Charging Circuit
		9.4.3. Modern EV Charging Station
	9.5. Electric Transit Bus
		9.5.1. Electric Bus Control Circuits
		9.5.2. Electric Bus Charging
		9.5.3. Inductive Electric Bus Charging
	9.6. Electric Trams and Trolleys
	9.7. Subway and Airport Trains
	9.8. Electric Locomotives
		9.8.1. DC Power Bus
		9.8.2. AC Power Bus
		9.8.3. Multisystem Electric Trains
	9.9. Diesel-Electric Locomotives
	9.10. High-Speed Electric Trains
		9.10.1. Motor Drive Topology
		9.10.2. IGBT Module Design
	9.11. Freight Trains
	9.12. Marine Propulsion
		9.12.1. Ro-Ro Ships
		9.12.2. Cruise Ships
		9.12.3. LNG Carriers
		9.12.4. Circuit Breakers for Ships
	9.13. More Electric Aircraft
		9.13.1. DC-DC Converter
		9.13.2. DC-AC Inverter
		9.13.3. Electromechanical Aircraft Rudder Actuator
		9.13.4. Brushless DC Motor Drives
	9.14. All-Electric Aircraft
		9.14.1. Civil Tilt Rotorcraft
		9.14.2. ANPC Inverter Drive
		9.14.3. Passenger Drones
	9.15. IGBT Modules for Aircraft Applications
	9.16. IGBT Cosmic Ray Failures
	9.17. Summary
	References
Chapter 10: IGBT Applications: Industrial
	10.1. Industrial Motor Drives
	10.2. Adjustable Speed Drives for Motor Control
	10.3. Pulse Width Modulated ASD
		10.3.1. PWM Waveforms
		10.3.2. Power Loss Trade-Off Curves
		10.3.3. Power Loss Analysis
	10.4. Factory Automation
		10.4.1. Complementary IGBTs
		10.4.2. p-Channel IGBT Design
	10.5. Robotics
		10.5.1. Cableless Power Supply
		10.5.2. Industrial Robot Controller
		10.5.3. Linear Actuators
		10.5.4. Mobile Gantry Crane Robots
	10.6. Welding
		10.6.1. Step-Down Buck Converter
		10.6.2. Transformer-Coupled Power Supply
		10.6.3. Dual Utility Power Supply
		10.6.4. Robot Arc Welding
		10.6.5. Consumable Electrode Welding
		10.6.6. IGBT Optimization for Welding
	10.7. Induction Heating
		10.7.1. Forging, Annealing, and Tube/Pipe Welding
		10.7.2. Fluid Heating
		10.7.3. Metal Melting Furnace
		10.7.4. IGBT Design for Induction Heating
	10.8. Milling and Drilling Machines
		10.8.1. High-Speed Milling Machine
		10.8.2. High-Speed Drilling Machine
		10.8.3. High-Speed Electrical Discharge Machining
	10.9. Metal and Paper Mills
		10.9.1. Metals Industries
		10.9.2. Pulp and Paper Industries
	10.10. Electrostatic Precipitators
	10.11. Textile Mills
	10.12. Mining and Excavation
	10.13. IGBT Optimization for Industrial Applications
	10.14. Low Power IPM
	10.15. Dead-Time Compensation
	10.16. Hybrid Si IGBT/SiC MOSFET Switches
	10.17. Summary
	References
Chapter 11: IGBT Applications: Lighting
	11.1. TRIAD Incandescent Lamps
	11.2. Compact Fluorescent Lamps
		11.2.1. CFL Light Emission
		11.2.2. Half-Bridge Ballast Topology
		11.2.3. Power Transistor Comparison
		11.2.4. Self-Resonant Ballast Topology
		11.2.5. Power Factor Correction
		11.2.6. Discrete IGBT Designs for CFLs
		11.2.7. Integrated IGBT Designs for CFLs
	11.3. Light-Emitting Diodes
		11.3.1. LED Driver
		11.3.2. Conventional LED Driver
		11.3.3. Multiple Series/Parallel LED Driver
		11.3.4. Conducted EMI
	11.4. Strobe Flash Light
		11.4.1. Strobe Flash Circuit
		11.4.2. IGBT Design for Strobe Light
		11.4.3. Professional Flash
	11.5. Xenon Short Arc Lamps
		11.5.1. Automobile Headlights
		11.5.2. Movie Theater Projectors
	11.6. Stroboscopic Imaging
	11.7. Dimmable Luminaries
	11.8. Rapid Thermal Annealing
	11.9. LED-Based Endoscopy
	11.10. Summary
	References
Chapter 12: IGBT Applications: Consumer
	12.1. Large Appliances
		12.1.1. Air Conditioners (Heat Pumps)
		12.1.2. Refrigerators
		12.1.3. Washing Machine
		12.1.4. Microwave Oven
		12.1.5. Induction Cooktop Range
		12.1.6. Dishwasher
	12.2. Small Appliances
		12.2.1. Portable Induction Cooktop and Rice Cooker
		12.2.2. Food Processors (Blenders, Juice Makers, Mixers)
		12.2.3. Vacuum Cleaners
	12.3. Television
		12.3.1. TV Sets With CRTs
		12.3.2. Plasma TV Sets
		12.3.3. Preregulator Circuit
	12.4. IGBT Design Optimization for Consumer Applications
		12.4.1. IGBT Optimization for Motor Drives
		12.4.2. IGBT Optimization for Induction Cooking
		12.4.3. IGBT Optimization for TV Sets
		12.4.4. IGBT Optimization for Power Factor Correction
	12.5. Summary
	References
Chapter 13: IGBT Applications: Medical
	13.1. X-Ray Machine
		13.1.1. Series-Parallel Resonant Power Supply
		13.1.2. Dual-Mode Power Supply
	13.2. Computed Tomography
		13.2.1. PWM-Resonant Converter Power Supply
		13.2.2. Resonant Inverter Power Supply in Rotating Gantry
		13.2.3. Resonant Inverter Power Supply in Stationary Gantry
	13.3. Magnetic Resonance Imaging
		13.3.1. Two-Paralleled Four-Quadrant DC Chopper Power Amplifier
		13.3.2. Four-Paralleled Full-Bridge Power Amplifier
		13.3.3. Stacked Three-Bridge Power Amplifier
		13.3.4. Multioutput Phase-Shifted Power Amplifier
		13.3.5. Series Voltage Compensated Power Supply
		13.3.6. Supercapacitor Energy Storage Power Supply
	13.4. Medical Ultrasonography
		13.4.1. Ultrasonography Principles
		13.4.2. Pulsed Power Supply
	13.5. Defibrillators
		13.5.1. Automatic External Defibrillators
		13.5.2. Energy Generation and Pulse Forming in AEDs
		13.5.3. Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator
		13.5.4. Cardioverter Defibrillator for Surgery
	13.6. Medical Synchrotron
		13.6.1. CNAO Magnet Coil Power Supply
		13.6.2. GUNMA Magnet Coil Power Supply
	13.7. Medical Lasers
		13.7.1. Pulse Compression Network Power Supply
		13.7.2. Capacitor Discharge Power Supply
		13.7.3. Series-Parallel Transformer Power Supply
	13.8. Sterilization and Disinfection
	13.9. IGBT Design for Medical Applications
	13.10. Summary
	References
Chapter 14: IGBT Applications: Defense
	14.1. Power Electronic Building Blocks
		14.1.1. PEBB-1, PEBB-2, and PEBB-3
		14.1.2. Naval Frequency Changers
		14.1.3. Shunt Active Power Filter
		14.1.4. Three-Level ANPC-VSC PEBB
		14.1.5. PEBB for More-Electric Aircraft
	14.2. The Electric Warship
		14.2.1. Propulsion Drive Options
		14.2.2. Naval Shipboard Power Distribution
		14.2.3. Solid-State Transfer Switch
		14.2.4. Solid-State Circuit Breakers
		14.2.5. Direct Conversion System
		14.2.6. Hybrid ANPC H-Bridge System
	14.3. Aircraft Carriers
		14.3.1. Railgun Projectile Launcher
		14.3.2. Aircraft Launchers
	14.4. Nuclear and Diesel-Electric Submarines
		14.4.1. Quiet Electric Drive
		14.4.2. IGBT Power Cycling
	14.5. Army Vehicles
		14.5.1. Bidirectional DC-DC Converter
	14.6. Air Force Jets
		14.6.1. Electrical Power Distribution Architecture
		14.6.2. Portable Railgun
	14.7. Missile Defense
		14.7.1. Radar Transmitter
		14.7.2. Klystron Radar Power Supply
		14.7.3. Doppler Radar Pulse Power Supply
		14.7.4. Agile Mirror Radar
		14.7.5. Ground-Based Radar for Theater Missile Defense
	14.8. IGBTs for Defense Applications
		14.8.1. Pulse Power Capability
		14.8.2. Reliability
	14.9. Summary
	References
Chapter 15: IGBT Applications: Renewable Energy
	15.1. Hydroelectric Power
		15.1.1. Large Power Plants
		15.1.2. Small Power Plants
		15.1.3. Decoupled Voltage and Frequency Controller
		15.1.4. Auxiliary Generation Units
	15.2. Photovoltaic Power
		15.2.1. PV Inverter Topologies
		15.2.2. HERIC PV Inverter
		15.2.3. Three-Phase PV Inverter
		15.2.4. Nonisolated Interactive PV Inverter
		15.2.5. Nonisolated Buck-Boost PV Inverter
		15.2.6. Maximum Power Point Tracking Circuit for PV Inverter
		15.2.7. Current Source PV Inverter
		15.2.8. Three-Phase Current Source PV Inverter
		15.2.9. Commercial PV Converter
		15.2.10. NPC2 Topology for Solar Farm
		15.2.11. Dual-Source Multilevel Inverter for Residential Solar Power
		15.2.12. PV Energy Storage
		15.2.13. IGBTs for PV Applications
	15.3. Wind Power
		15.3.1. Wind Power Generator Configurations
		15.3.2. Basic Converter Topology
		15.3.3. Off-Shore Wind Power Installations
		15.3.4. Chinese off-Shore Wind Power Installation
		15.3.5. European off-Shore Wind Power Installation
		15.3.6. Standalone Wind Power Installation
		15.3.7. STATCOM for Reactive Power Compensation
		15.3.8. IGBTs for Wind Power Applications
	15.4. Wave Power
		15.4.1. Osprey Wave Energy
		15.4.2. Wave Dragon Energy
		15.4.3. Bolt Buoy Energy
		15.4.4. Optimum Damping Strategy
		15.4.5. Oscillating Water Column
	15.5. Tidal Power
	15.6. Geothermal Power
		15.6.1. Power Generation Architecture
	15.7. Summary
	References
Chapter 16: IGBT Applications: Power Transmission
	16.1. HVDC Transmission
	16.2. HVDC Components
	16.3. HVDC Trends
		16.3.1. Gratz Bridge
		16.3.2. CSC-Based HVDC
		16.3.3. Static Synchronous Compensator
		16.3.4. Self-Powered IGBT Switch
		16.3.5. Hockey-Puck Press-Pack IGBT Design
		16.3.6. IGBT Ratings for VSC-HVDC
	16.4. AC Power Transmission
		16.4.1. Facts
		16.4.2. Static VAR Compensator (SVC)
		16.4.3. Static Synchronous Compensator
		16.4.4. SVC Light
		16.4.5. SVC and STATCOM in China
		16.4.6. Urban STATCOM Design
		16.4.7. STATCOM Stability Analysis
	16.5. HVDC Back-to-Back Converter
	16.6. Off-Shore Power Transmission
		16.6.1. Oil Rig Power Transmission
		16.6.2. Wind Farm Power Transmission
	16.7. Premium Quality Power Park
	16.8. IGBT Designs for Power Transmission
	16.9. Summary
	References
Chapter 17: IGBT Applications: Financial
	17.1. Power Quality Equipment
	17.2. Power Reliability and Quality
	17.3. Dynamic Voltage Restorer
	17.4. Uninterruptible Power Supplies
		17.4.1. Fuji Electric 200 kVA UPS
		17.4.2. Fujikura 10 kVA UPS
		17.4.3. Toshiba 500 kVA UPS
		17.4.4. Yuasa Corporation 3 kVA UPS
		17.4.5. Daikin UPS
		17.4.6. Single-Stage UPS Topology
		17.4.7. Transformerless 300 kVA UPS
		17.4.8. UPS With Static Transfer Switch
		17.4.9. Three-Phase Four-Wire Hybrid Frequency Parallel UPS
	17.5. Premium Quality Power Park
	17.6. IGBT Designs for UPS
	17.7. IGBT UPS Failure Modes
	17.8. Summary
	References
Chapter 18: IGBT Applications: Energy Storage
	18.1. Pumped Hydro Energy Storage
		18.1.1. Variable Speed Pumped Storage Plant
		18.1.2. Voltage Sag Compensation
		18.1.3. Stabilizing Wind and Solar Renewable Energy Sources
	18.2. Other Energy-Storage Technologies
		18.2.1. Mitigating Wind Power Fault Ride Through Using Supercapacitor Storage
		18.2.2. Mitigating Solar Power Voltage Fluctuations With Battery Energy Storage
		18.2.3. Battery Energy Storage System
		18.2.4. Fuzzy Logic Controlled STATCOM
	18.3. Data Center Energy Storage
		18.3.1. Energy-Storage Options
		18.3.2. Distributed Energy Storage
		18.3.3. DC Voltage Distribution
	18.4. Summary
	References
Chapter 19: IGBT Applications: Other
	19.1. Smart Home
		19.1.1. Smart Socket and Smart Switch
		19.1.2. Smart Power Module
	19.2. Printing and Copying Machines
	19.3. Inductive Power Transfer
		19.3.1. Stage Lighting
		19.3.2. Embedded Electric Vehicle Chargers
	19.4. Airport Security X-Ray Scanners
	19.5. Pulse Power
		19.5.1. Marx High-Voltage Pulse Generator
		19.5.2. Ion Implantation
		19.5.3. Cancer Treatment Pulse Generator
	19.6. Particle Physics
		19.6.1. Stanford Linear Accelerator
		19.6.2. International Linear Collider
		19.6.3. Fermilab Main Injector
		19.6.4. Japan Hadron Facility
		19.6.5. CERN Large Hadron Collider
		19.6.6. Spallation Neutron Source
	19.7. Pulsed Lasers
		19.7.1. Power Supply
		19.7.2. IGBT Modules
	19.8. Food Sterilization
	19.9. Water Treatment
		19.9.1. Disinfection
		19.9.2. Desalination
		19.9.3. Sewage Treatment
		19.9.4. Fouling of Water Piping
		19.9.5. Industrial and Pharmaceutical Pollution
	19.10. Oil/Petroleum Extraction
		19.10.1. Oil Pipe Heating
		19.10.2. Subsea Oil Extraction
		19.10.3. Athabasca Oil Sands
	19.11. Petrochemical Plant
	19.12. Gas Liquefaction
	19.13. Superconducting Magnetic Storage
	19.14. Fusion Power
	19.15. Standby Power Generators
	19.16. Roller Coasters
	19.17. National Aeronautics and Space Administration
		19.17.1. Space Shuttle Main Engine Thrust Control
		19.17.2. Space Shuttle Orbital Maneuvering System
		19.17.3. Space Shuttle Power Distribution
		19.17.4. International Space Station Power Distribution
		19.17.5. Manned Interplanetary Missions
		19.17.6. Cryogenic Power Electronics
		19.17.7. IGBT Failure Analysis
	19.18. Summary
	References
Chapter 20: IGBT Social Impact
	20.1. Electronic Ignition System
		20.1.1. Fuel Savings
		20.1.2. Consumer Cost Savings
		20.1.3. Carbon Dioxide Emission Reduction
	20.2. Adjustable-Speed Motor Drives
		20.2.1. Electrical Energy Savings
		20.2.2. Electricity Cost Savings
		20.2.3. Carbon Dioxide Emission Reduction
	20.3. Compact Fluorescent Lamps
		20.3.1. Electrical Energy Savings
		20.3.2. Electricity Cost Savings
		20.3.3. Carbon Dioxide Emission Reduction
	20.4. Future Social Impact
	20.5. Summary
	References
Chapter 21: Synopsis
	21.1. State-of-the-Art IGBT Products
	21.2. Wide Bandgap Semiconductor Power Devices
		21.2.1. State-of-the-Art SiC Power MOSFETs
		21.2.2. Cost analysis
	21.3. Summary
	References
Index
Back Cover