The History of the Qurʾān

The History of the Qurʾān......Page 4
Contents......Page 6
Preface to this Edition......Page 14
Noeldeke [German edition, part 1, pp. vii-viii]......Page 18
Schwally [Preface to the German edition, part 1, pp. ix-x]......Page 20
Zimmern [Preface to the German edition, part 2, pp. iii-iv]......Page 22
Fischer [Preface to the German edition, part 3, pp. 220-224]......Page 24
Pretzl [Preface to the German edition, part 3, pp. vii-ix]......Page 26
The Notion of Prophecy......Page 28
The Type of Muḥammad’s Prophetic Endowments......Page 29
Jewish and Christian Influences......Page 32
Literacy in Pre-Islamic Arabia......Page 35
Muḥammad’s Relation to Zayd b. ʿAmr and Umayya b. Abī l-Ṣalt......Page 40
Pagan Influence and Muḥammad’s Personal Contribution to the Establishment of His Religion......Page 41
The Various Types of Muḥammad’s Revelations......Page 44
Psychological Stages of Excitement. The Alleged Mentor of the Prophet. Daḥya......Page 47
The Length of the Revelations, Their Names, Style, Refrain and Wordplay. The Construction of the Verses......Page 51
Written Notes of Koranic Passages. Additions and Changes Arising from Muḥammad......Page 62
The Seven aḥruf (Sets of Readings). Abrogation of Revelations......Page 67
The Originality of the Koran and Its Connection with the Revelations of the Prophet Maslama......Page 71
Aids in Establishing the Chronology of the Sūras......Page 74
The Transmitted Lists of the Chronology of the Koran......Page 75
General Chronology of the Meccan Sūras......Page 82
Content and Characteristics of the Meccan Sūras......Page 85
Classification According to William Muir, Hubert Grimme, and Hartwig Hirschfeld......Page 87
Formulas of Invocation at the Opening of Many Sūras......Page 90
Comments on Sūras 96, 74, 111, 106, 108, 104, 107, 102, 105, 92, 90......Page 91
Comments on Sūras 94, 93, 97, 86, 91, 80, 68, 87, 95, 103, 85, 73, 101, 99, 82, 81, 53, 84, 100, 79, 77, 78, 88, 89, 75, 83, 69, 51, 52, 56, 70, 55, 112, 109, 113, 114......Page 104
General Comments......Page 124
The Divine Name Raḥmān......Page 126
Comments on Sūras 54, 37, 71, 76, 44, 50, 20, 26, 15, 19, 38......Page 127
Comments on Sūras 38, 36, 43, 72, 67, 23, 21, 25, 17, 27, 18......Page 134
General Comments......Page 144
Comments on Sūras: 32, 41, 45, 16, 30, 11, 14, 12, 40, 28, 39......Page 145
Comments on Sūras 29, 31, 42, 10, 34, 35, 7, 46, 6, 13......Page 153
Political and Religious Conditions at Yathrib before the Hijra......Page 162
The Unprecedented Success of Islamic Propaganda at Yathrib......Page 163
The “Waverers” (munāfiqūn)......Page 164
The Pagan Population and the Jewish Tribes......Page 165
Content and Style of the Medinan Sūras......Page 166
Comments on Sūras 2, 98, 64, 62, 8, 47, 3, 61, 57, 4, 65, 59......Page 168
Comments on Sūras 33, 63, 24, 58, 22, 48, 66, 60, 110, 49, 9, 5......Page 194
Muḥammad's Uncanonical Promulgations......Page 216
Non-Extant Revelations......Page 231
The Uncanonical Sayings of the Prophet......Page 232
Miscellaneous Revelations Preserved in the Traditions......Page 234
The Preservation of the Manuscripts of the Revelation during Muḥammad’s Lifetime, Based on References in the Koran and on the Literary Form of the Sūras......Page 236
The Indirect Collectors of the Koran or the Custodians of the Oral Revelation......Page 240
Popular Acquaintance with the Koran under the First Caliphs......Page 244
ʿAlī as a Collector of the Koran......Page 246
The Collection of Sālim b. Maʿqil......Page 247
The Prevailing Tradition......Page 250
Divergent Traditions......Page 253
Criticism of the Traditions......Page 255
Form and Content of the First Collection......Page 259
The Personalities of the Editors......Page 262
Dissemination and Preservation of the Editions......Page 264
The Koran of Ubayy b. Kaʿb According to the Transmission of al-Fihrist......Page 265
The Koran of Ubayy b. Kaʿb According to the Transmission of al-Suyūṭī’s al-Itqān, and Its Relation to al-Fihrist......Page 266
The Sūras Peculiar to the Koran of Ubayy b. Kaʿb......Page 267
The Question of Authenticity......Page 269
The Relation of the Transmitted Lists of Ubayy b. Kaʿb’s Sūras with One Another and with the Canonical Edition......Page 270
The Koran of Ibn Masʿūd According to the Transmission of al-Suyūṭī’s al-Itqān......Page 271
The Relation of the Two Lists to One Another and to the ʿUthmanic Recension......Page 272
The Relation of the Korans of Ubayy, Ibn Masʿūd, and Abū Mūsā to One Another and to the Canonical Version......Page 274
Obscure and Dubious Codices of the Koran......Page 276
The Established Tradition......Page 278
Deviating Traditions and Their Value......Page 280
Critique of the Established Tradition: The Biographies of the Members of the Commission, and the Qualification of the Members for Their Task......Page 283
The Procedure of the Establishment of the Text of the Koran, and the Qualification of the Members of the Commission for Their Task......Page 285
The Arrangement of the Sūras in the ʿUthmānic Koran......Page 290
The Mysterious Letters Preceding Certain Sūras......Page 294
The Basmala......Page 304
The Alleged Corruption of the Text of the Koran by Abū Bakr and ʿUthmān: Reproach of Christian Scholars of the West......Page 306
Reproach of Muslim Sectarians, Particularly the Shīʿites, against ʿUthmān......Page 315
The Shīʿite Sūra of the Two Lights ( (سورة النورین......Page 320
Administrative Measures for the Realization of the ʿUthmānic Text......Page 332
The Position of Jesus in Christianity......Page 338
The Development of Canonical Islam......Page 339
The Muslim Sources: The Foundations of the System of Transmission......Page 342
The Foundations of the System of Transmission......Page 343
The Biography of the Prophet......Page 347
The Canonical Ḥadīth......Page 358
The Literature of Ḥadīth......Page 360
The Biographies of the Companions of Muḥammad......Page 365
The Peculiarity of the Islamic Exegesis of the Koran: The Exegetic Ḥadīth......Page 368
The Exegetic Ḥadīth......Page 371
The Creators of the Exegesis: Ibn ʿAbbās and His Pupils......Page 373
The Extant Commentaries......Page 379
Important Writings Containing Commentaries on History and Exegesis......Page 380
Shīʿite Commentaries......Page 385
Writings on the Occasion of Revelation......Page 388
The Introductions to the Koran......Page 389
Poetry as Source of History: The Poetical Examples in the Biographic and Exegetic Literature......Page 392
Criticism of the System of Tradition......Page 396
The Christian Biographers of the Prophet......Page 399
Separate Studies in History and Interpretation......Page 407
The Exegesis of the Koran......Page 413
The Consonantal Errors of the ʿUthmānic Text......Page 416
Variants of the ʿUthmānic Copies......Page 419
The Orthography and Its Sources......Page 429
The Cardinal Orthographic Peculiarities of the ʿUthmānic Text......Page 435
The Orthography of Agnes S. Lewis’ Sinai Palimpsests......Page 453
The Non-ʿUthmānic Orthographic Variants and Readings: The Sources......Page 456
The Text of Ibn Masʿūd......Page 458
The Text of Ubayy b. Kaʿb......Page 474
The Text of the Lewis’ Palimpsests......Page 484
The Alleged Syriac Translation of a Non-ʿUthmānic Text of the Koran......Page 486
The Victory of the ʿUthmānic Text......Page 488
Basic Problems: The Sources......Page 498
The Connection with the Consonantal Text......Page 499
Linguistic Accuracy......Page 504
The Principle of Tradition......Page 507
The Principle of Majority......Page 509
Standardization of Variant Readings......Page 515
Koranic Teaching and the Variant Readings......Page 520
Criticism of the Transmission......Page 525
Orthodox Teaching......Page 527
Sources......Page 532
Survey of the Older Readers......Page 534
The Historical Development......Page 535
The Systems of the Seven, the Ten, and the Fourteen Readings......Page 556
The Characteristics of the Canonical Variant Readings and Their Distinctions......Page 559
The Earliest Period......Page 572
The Rise of the Canonical Variant Readings......Page 577
The Rise of the Classic System of the Seven......Page 579
The Extension of the System of the Seven......Page 588
The Literature of the Uncanonical Readings (shawādhdh)......Page 592
Writings on the Individual Variant Readings (mufradāt)......Page 593
The Writings on Tajwīd......Page 595
Writings on Pause in Koranic Recitation (waqf)......Page 597
Writings on the Enumeration of Verses......Page 600
Writings on Koranic Orthography......Page 601
The Commentaries on the Koran as a Source of the Science of Variant Readings......Page 602
The State of Manuscript Research......Page 612
The Script of the Older Korans......Page 613
Verse Dividers......Page 618
Names of the Sūras......Page 619
The Dating and Provenance of Manuscripts......Page 628
New Editions of the Koran......Page 630
Plates......Page 632
Printed Books and Articles......Page 640
Select List of Manuscripts Arranged by the Numbers of the Respective Catalogues......Page 664
Index......Page 672