The Greek Perfekt Tense in the Gospel of Marc and the Epistle to the Romans

Cover
Contents
List of Tables and Diagrams
Preface
Acknowledgments
Abbreviations
Introduction
Chapter One: Brief Understanding of the Greek Verb from Traditional to Modern Views
	The Greek Verb
	Verbal Aspect and Aktionsart
	Verbal Aspect and Aktionsart Working Together
	Aspectual Distinction (or Opposition)
	The Perfect Tense
Chapter Two: An Evaluation of Porter’s Markedness and Grounding with Prominence for the Perfect Tense Form
	Markedness
		Binary Oppositions
		Multiple Oppositions
		Problem of Markedness Values
		Various Criteria
		Contingent on Context
		Porter’s Markedness in the Perfect Tense Form
	Grounding
		Foreground as ‘Deviation from a Norm’ in Poetic Texts
		Foreground as ‘Mainline’ in Non-Poetic Texts
		Contents
		Transitivity
		Temporality
		Cognitive Perception
		Aspect (or Tense)
		Foreground as ‘Deviation from Two Normal Types of Information’ in Non-Poetic Texts
		Porter’s Grounding
		Porter’s Foreground and Background
		Porter’s Frontground
	Conclusion
Chapter Three: The Traditional Understanding of the Perfect, Compared with Porter’s Approach
	Dual Feature of the Perfect
		Pendulum Movement
		Various Categories Suggested
	Anterior Activity
		The Development of the Perfect towards Anterior Activity
		Scholars Who Accept Anterior Activity
		Scholars Who Reject Anterior Activity
	Conclusion
	Three rules
		The First Category: The Perfect Working as a Finite Verb
		Rule 1: The Perfect Finite Verb with the Non-Past Indicative or Present Non-Indicative
		Rule 2: The Perfect Finite Verb with the Past Indicative or Aorist Non-Indicative
		The Second Category: The Perfect Participle Working as an Adjective
		Rule 3: The Perfect Participle with a Substantive
Chapter Four: The Perfect Tense in Mark
	The perfect indicative
		The Perfect with the Non-Past Indicative or Present Non-Indicative in Direct Discourse: Rule 1
		πεπλήρωται, ἤγγικεν in 1:15
		ἤγγικεν in 14:42
		δέδοται in 4:11
		σέσωκεν in 5:34 and 10:52
		ἐγήγερται in 6:14
		ἐξελήλυθεν in 7:29
		ἐλήλυθεν in 9:13
		πεποίηκεν in 7:37
		πεποιήκατε in 11:17
		ἥκασιν in 8:3
		γέγονεν in 9:21
		γέγονεν in 13:19
		προείρηκα in 13:23
		γέγονεν in 14:4
		βέβληται in 9:42
		ἡτοίμασται in 10:40
		The Perfect with the Past Indicative in Direct Discourse: Rule 2
		πεποίηκεν in 5:19
		ἠκολουθήκαμέν in 10:28
		ἐξήρανται in 11:21
		The Perfect with the Past Indicative in Non-Direct Discourse: Rule 2
	The Perfect Non-Indicative
		The Perfect Participle: Rule 3
		ἐξηραμμένην in 3:1
		ἐξηραμμένην in 11:20
		ἐσπαρμένον in 4:15
		γεγονός, ἱματισμένον, ἐσχηκότα in 5:14–15
		βεβλημένον, ἐξεληλυθός in 7:30
		περιβεβλημένος in 14:51
		περιβεβλημένον in 16:5
		ὑποδεδεμένους in 6:9
		πεπωρωμένην in 8:17
		ἐληλυθυῖαν in 9:1
		δεδεμένον in 11:2 and 4
		εὐλογημένος, εὐλογημένη in 11:9–10
		ἐστρωμένον in 14:15
		ἐσμυρνισμένον in 15:23, συνεσταυρωμένοι in 15:32
		ἐσταυρωμένον in 16:6
		ἐγηγερμένον in 16:14
		The Perfect Imperative and The Perfect Infinitive: Rule 1
		πεφίμωσο in 4:39
		δεδέσθαι, διεσπάσθαι, συντετρῖφθαι in 5:4
	Individual Treatments
		γέγραπται: Rule 2
		οἶδα: Rule 2
		The Non-Indicative οἶδα: Rule 2
		The Non-Indicative Perfect Forms of ἵστημι and παρίστημι: Rule 3
		ἑστηκότων in 9:1 and 11:5
		ἑστηκότα in 13:14
		παρεστηκότων in 14:47, παρεστῶσιν in 14:69, παρεστῶτες in 14:70, παρεστηκότων in 15:35, and παρεστηκώς in 15:39
		παρέστηκεν in 4:29
	The Pluperfect
		The Pluperfect Active Indicative: Rule 1
		δεδώκει in 14:44
		πεποιήκεισαν in 15:7, παραδεδώκεισαν in 15:10
		ἐκβεβλήκει in 16:9
		The Pluperfect: ᾔδειν and εἰώθει: Rule 2
		ᾔδειν in 1:34, 9:6, and 14:40
		εἰώθει in 10:1
		The Pluperfect Periphrastic Construction: Rule 3
		ἦν + S + ἐνδεδυμένος in 1:6
		ἦν + S + ἐπισυνηγμένη in 1:33
		ἦν + S + πεπωρωμένη in 6:52
		ἦν + S+ δεδεμένος in 15:7
		ἦν + S + ἐπιγεγραμμένη in 15:26
		ὃ + ἦν + λελατομημένον in 15:46
	Passage Studies
		Mark 5:1–20
		δεδέσθαι, διεσπάσθαι, συντετρῖφθαι in 5:4
		γεγονός in 5:14
		ἱματισμένον, ἐσχηκότα in 5:15
		πεποίηκεν in 5:19
		Mark 5:25–34
		ἴαται in 5:29
		εἰδυῖα, γέγονεν in 5:33
		σέσωκεν in 5:34 and 10:52
		Mark 7:24–30
		ἐξελήλυθεν in 7:29
		βεβλημένον in 7:30
		ἐξεληλυθός in 7:30
		Mark 11:1–11
		δεδεμένον in 11:2 and 4
		ἑστηκότων in 11:5
		εὐλογημένος in 11:9–10
		Mark 15:6–15
		δεδεμένος in 15:7a
		πεποιήκεισαν in 15:7b
		παραδεδώκεισαν in 15:10
		Mark 15:22–32
		ἐσμυρνισμένον in 15:23
		ἐπιγεγραμμένη in 15:26
		συνεσταυρωμένοι in 15:32
		Mark 15:42–47
		τέθνηκεν in 15:44
		λελατομημένον in 15:46
		τέθειται in 15:47
		Mark 16:1–8
		ἀποκεκύλισται in 16:4
		περιβεβλημένον in 16:5
		ἐσταυρωμένον in 16:6
	Conclusion
Chapter Five: The Perfect Tense in Romans
	The Perfect Indicative
		The Perfect with the Non-Past Indicative or Present Non-Indicative: Rule 1
		πεφανέρωται in 3:21
		τέθεικα in 4:17
		ἐπήγγελται in 4:21
		ἐσχήκαμεν in 5:2
		ἐκκέχυται in 5:5
		ἐκπέπτωκεν in 9:6
		προείρηκεν in 9:29
		ἀκηκόασιν in 15:21
		γέγονεν in 2:25 and 11:5, γεγόναμεν in 6:5, γέγοναν in 16:7
		πεπλήρωκεν in 13:8, κατακέκριται in 14:23
		The Perfect with the Past Indicative or Aorist Non-Indicative: Rule 2
		κεκένωται, κατήργηται in 4:14
		δεδικαίωται in 6:7
		δέδεται in 7:2a
		κατήργηται in 7:2b
		γέγονεν in 11:25
		ἤγγικεν in 13:12
	The Perfect Non-Indicative
		The Perfect Participle: Rule 3
		ἀφωρισμένος in 1:1
		πεπληρωμένους in 1:29
		ἀνεῳγμένος in 3:13
		προγεγονότων in 3:25
		εἰρημένον in 4:18, νενεκρωμένον in 4:19
		πεπραμένος in 7:14
		κατηρτισμένα in 9:22, ἠγαπημένην in 9:25
		τεταγμέναι in 13:1
		πεπληρωμένοι in 15:14
		ἡγιασμένη in 15:16
		σεσιγημένου in 16:25
		The Perfect Infinitive: Rule 1
		εὑρηκέναι in 4:1
		γεγενῆσθαι in 15:8
		πεπληρωκέναι in 15:19
	Individual Treatments
		γέγραπται: Rule 2
		οἶδα: Rule 2
		Perfect Indicative of ἵστημι (Rule 2), ἐνίστημι (Rule 1), and Non-Indicative of ἐνίστημι, ἀνθίστημι (Rule 3)
		ἑστήκαμεν in 5:2
		ἕστηκας in 11:20
		ἐνεστῶτα in 8:38
		ἀνθέστηκεν in 9:19
		ἀνθέστηκεν, ἀνθεστηκότες in 13:2
		Perfect Forms of πείθω: Rule 2
		πέποιθας in 2:19
		πέπεισμαι in 8:38
		πέπεισμαι in 14:14
		πέπεισμαι in 15:14
		γέγονεν: Rule 1 or 2
		γέγονεν in 2:25
		γεγόναμεν in 6:5
		γέγονεν in 11:5
		γέγονεν in 11:25
		γέγοναν in 16:7
		‘The One Who …’
		δεδικαίωται in 6:7
		τεταγμέναι in 13:1
		ἀνθέστηκεν, ἀνθεστηκότες in 13:2
		πεπλήρωκεν in 13:8
		κατακέκριται in 14:23
	Passage Studies
		Romans 4:13–25
		κεκένωται, κατήργηται in 4:14
		γέγραπται, τέθεικα in 4:17
		εἰρημένον in 4:18
		νενεκρωμένον in 4:19
		ἐπήγγελται in 4:21
		Romans 5:1–5
		ἐσχήκαμεν in 5:2
		ἑστήκαμεν in 5:2
		εἰδότες in 5:3
		ἐκκέχυται in 5:5
		Romans 6:1–11
		γεγόναμεν in 6:5
		δεδικαίωται in 6:7
		εἰδότες in 6:9
		Romans 9:19–29
		ἀνθέστηκεν in 9:19
		κατηρτισμένα in 9:22
		ἠγαπημένην in 9:25
		προείρηκεν in 9:29
		Romans 15:14–21
		πέπεισμαι in 15:14
		πεπληρωμένοι in 15:14
		ἡγιασμένη in 15:16
		πεπληρωκέναι in 15:19
		γέγραπται in 15:21
		ἀκηκόασιν in 15:21
	Conclusion
Conclusion
Index of biblical references
Index of Greek terms
Index