The Fundamentals of Process Intensification

Cover
Title Page
Copyright
Contents
Preface
About the Authors
Part I Principles
Chapter 1 Introduction
	1.1 Short History of Process Intensification
	1.2 Definitions and Interpretations of Process Intensification
	1.3 Fundamentals of Process Intensification – Principles, Approaches, Domains, and Scales
	References
Chapter 2 The Four Principles
	2.1 Principle 1 – Toward Perfect Reactions
	2.2 Principle 2 – What Experience Molecules?
	2.3 Principle 3 – Driving Forces, Resistances, and Interfaces
	2.4 Principle 4 – About the Synergies
	References
Part II Domains
Chapter 3 STRUCTURE – PI Approaches in Spatial Domain
	3.1 Randomness and Order: Why Structure?
	3.2 Structures Targeting Molecular Events
		3.2.1 Molecular Imprints
		3.2.2 Molecular Reactors
		3.2.3 Shape‐Selective Catalysts
		3.2.4 Semirigid Structures: Liquid Crystals
	3.3 Structures Targeting Heat Transfer
		3.3.1 Microstructured Reactors
		3.3.2 Structured Heat Exchangers
	3.4 Structures Targeting Mass Transfer
		3.4.1 Microstructured Separation Systems
		3.4.2 Structured Internals for Reactions and Separations
	3.5 Structures Targeting Mixing and Fluid Flow
		3.5.1 Micromixers
		3.5.2 Static Mixers
		3.5.3 Fractal Systems
	References
Chapter 4 ENERGY – PI Approaches in Thermodynamic Domain
	4.1 Energy in Chemical Processes – A Broader Picture of the Present and the Future
	4.2 Electric Fields
	4.3 Magnetic Fields
	4.4 Electromagnetic Fields
		4.4.1 Microwaves
			4.4.1.1 Liquid‐Phase Organic Synthesis Reactions
			4.4.1.2 Gas‐Phase Catalytic Reactions
			4.4.1.3 Solid–Liquid Extraction
			4.4.1.4 Adsorbents Regeneration
			4.4.1.5 Crystallization
			4.4.1.6 Distillation
			4.4.1.7 Membrane Processes
		4.4.2 Plasmas
			4.4.2.1 Plasma‐Assisted Methane Coupling to Acetylene (Huels Process)
			4.4.2.2 Plasma‐Assisted Coal Gasification for Synthesis Gas Production
			4.4.2.3 Plasma‐Assisted CO2 Dissociation
		4.4.3 Photochemical and Photocatalytic Reactors (Artificial Light)
		4.4.4 Solar Reactors
		4.4.5 Induction Heating
	4.5 Acoustic Fields
	4.6 Flow Fields
		4.6.1 Hydrodynamic Cavitation
		4.6.2 Ejector‐based Liquid Jet Reactors
		4.6.3 Supersonic Flow
		4.6.4 Impinging‐stream Reactors
	4.7 High‐Gravity and High‐Shear Fields
		4.7.1 Rotating Packed Beds
		4.7.2 Spinning Disc Reactors
		4.7.3 Rotor–Stator Devices
		4.7.4 Process Intensification by Solids Moving in Centrifugal Fields
		4.7.5 High Gravity Fields in Microprocessing Systems
	References
Chapter 5 SYNERGY – PI Approaches in Functional Domain
	5.1 Combining Functions
	5.2 Synergies at Molecular Scale
		5.2.1 Multifunctional Catalysts
		5.2.2 Synergistic Use of Alternative Energy Forms
	5.3 Synergies in Processing Units – Multifunctional Equipment and Integrated Operations
		5.3.1 Integrating Catalysis and Mixing – The Monolithic Stirrer Concept
		5.3.2 Integrating Mixing and Heat Exchange – Static Mixer Reactors and Heat Exchangers
		5.3.3 Heat Exchangers as Chemical Reactors
		5.3.4 Heat Pumping in Distillation Systems
		5.3.5 Integrating Reactions and Separation – Reactive Separations
			5.3.5.1 Reactive Distillation
			5.3.5.2 Membranes in Chemical Reactors
			5.3.5.3 Reactive Adsorption
			5.3.5.4 Reactive Extraction
			5.3.5.5 Reactive Crystallization
			5.3.5.6 Reactive Absorption
		5.3.6 Reactive Comminution
		5.3.7 Handling Chemical Reactions in Highly Viscous Media – Reactive Extrusion
		5.3.8 Integrating Separation Techniques – Hybrid Separations
			5.3.8.1 Extractive Distillation
			5.3.8.2 Adsorptive Distillation
			5.3.8.3 Membrane Distillation
			5.3.8.4 Membrane Crystallization
			5.3.8.5 Extractive Crystallization
			5.3.8.6 Membrane Absorption/Stripping
			5.3.8.7 Membrane Chromatography (Adsorptive Membranes)
			5.3.8.8 Membrane Extraction
	References
Chapter 6 TIME – PI Approaches in Temporal Domain
	6.1 Oscillatory Flow Reactors
	6.2 Reverse Flow Reactors
	6.3 Periodic Operation of Trickle Bed Reactors
	6.4 Cyclic Distillation
	6.5 Pulse Combustion
	6.6 Pressure Swing Adsorption
	6.7 Desorptive Cooling
	6.8 Variable Volume Operation of Stirred Tank Reactors
	6.9 Short Contact Time Reactors
		6.9.1 Catalytic Partial Oxidation of Alkanes
		6.9.2 Catalytic Partial Oxidation of Cellulose
	References
Part III Fundamentals in Practice – Designing a Sustainable, Intensified Process
Chapter 7 Process Intensification and Sustainable Processing
	7.1 Introduction
		7.1.1 Sustainable Earth?
		7.1.2 Sustainable Processing and the Position of PI
		7.1.3 Sustainability Assessment Tools Applied to Process Intensification
	7.2 Ecological Assessment of Intensified Technologies
		7.2.1 Microreactor Engineering
		7.2.2 Other Intensified Processes
	7.3 Process Intensification and Inherent Safety
	References
Chapter 8 How to Design a Sustainable Intensified Process?
	8.1 Conceptual Process Intensification Design
	8.2 Case Study of Bhopal
	References
Index
EULA