The clausal syntax of German Sign Language: A cartographic approach

Contents
Preface
Acknowledgments
List of abbreviations
Notational conventions
1 Theoretical background
	1.1 Introduction
	1.2 Generative Grammar and the Minimalist Program
		1.2.1 Modeling I-language
		1.2.2 The Idea of the Language Faculty and Universal Grammar
		1.2.3 The Y-model of grammar
		1.2.4 Features
		1.2.5 The X schema
		1.2.6 Adjunction
	1.3 Cartography – a Mendeleev table for syntax
		1.3.1 General Overview
		1.3.2 The Cartographic method – exemplified by adjective ordering restrictions
		1.3.3 The goals of Cartographic syntax
		1.3.4 Cartography and Minimalism: UG or third factor principles?
	1.4 Hypotheses
		1.4.1 A typology of scope-taking strategies
		1.4.2 Scope mapped onto the body
2 Sign languages
	2.1 Sign languages
		2.1.1 The phonology of spoken and signed languages – duality of patterning
		2.1.2 Building syntactic structures – embedding and recursion
	2.2 The role of non-manual markings
	2.3 German Sign Language
	2.4 Data sources
	2.5 Outline of the book
3 The CP system
	3.1 Introduction: the organization of the CP
		3.1.1 The landing site of wh-movement
		3.1.2 Expanding the CP – positions for topic and focus
	3.2 Topics
		3.2.1 General overview
		3.2.2 Topics in sign languages
		3.2.3 Topics in DGS
	3.3 Foci
		3.3.1 General overview
			3.3.1.1 Broadening the picture: two definitions of focus
			3.3.1.2 Focus and presupposition versus topic and comment
			3.3.1.3 The syntax of focus: two structural positions
		3.3.2 Foci in sign languages
		3.3.3 Foci in DGS
			3.3.3.1 Information focus
			3.3.3.2 Focus doubling
			3.3.3.3 Pseudo-clefts
			3.3.3.4 Contrastive focus
			3.3.3.5 Shoulder positions for contrasts
	3.4 Sentence types, sentence mood, and illocutionary force
	3.5 Declarative sentences
		3.5.1 General overview
		3.5.2 Declaratives in sign languages
			3.5.2.1 Non-manual markings
			3.5.2.2 Declaratives and the basic constituent order in sign languages
		3.5.3 Declaratives in DGS
			3.5.3.1 Non-manual markers in DGS declaratives
			3.5.3.2 Some notes on DGS constituent order
	3.6 Polar interrogative sentences
		3.6.1 General overview
			3.6.1.1 General introduction
			3.6.1.2 Polar interrogatives in English
			3.6.1.3 Polar interrogatives in Gbe
		3.6.2 Polar interrogatives in sign languages
			3.6.2.1 General introduction
			3.6.2.2 Non-manual markers
			3.6.2.3 Question particles
			3.6.2.4 Syntactic analysis I: sarac2006interrogative
			3.6.2.5 Syntactic analysis II: aboh2010sa
		3.6.3 Polar interrogatives in DGS
			3.6.3.1 Non-manual markings
			3.6.3.2 Manual question markers and focus doubling: two possible syntactic analyses
	3.7 Constituent interrogative sentences
		3.7.1 General overview
			3.7.1.1 Wh-movement
			3.7.1.2 Unifying polar and constituent interrogatives and the landings sites of wh-phrases
		3.7.2 The notion of `syntactic operators' and wh-copying
			3.7.2.1 Simple and complex wh-phrases
			3.7.2.2 Wh-copying in German
			3.7.2.3 Do simple wh-phrases always move to SpecCP1?
			3.7.2.4 Wh-copying in Northern Italian
		3.7.3 Constituent interrogatives in sign languages
			3.7.3.1 Non-manual markings
			3.7.3.2 Wh-sign paradigms
			3.7.3.3 The position of wh-signs
			3.7.3.4 Rightward-movement analyses
			3.7.3.5 Leftward-movement analyses
			3.7.3.6 Remnant-movement analyses
		3.7.4 Constituent interrogatives in DGS
			3.7.4.1 Non-manual markings of constituent interrogatives
			3.7.4.2 Wh-signs in DGS
			3.7.4.3 Positions of wh-elements in DGS
			3.7.4.4 Analyzing the DGS data
			3.7.4.5 Syntactic analyses: two possiblities
	3.8 Other types of interrogatives in DGS
		3.8.1 Alternative questions
		3.8.2 Degree questions
		3.8.3 Tag questions
		3.8.4 Suggestive questions
		3.8.5 Rhetorical questions
	3.9 Imperatives
		3.9.1 General overview
		3.9.2 Imperatives in sign languages
			3.9.2.1 Non-manual markers
			3.9.2.2 Manual imperative signs
			3.9.2.3 Morpho-syntactic properties
		3.9.3 Imperatives in DGS
			3.9.3.1 Non-manual markers
			3.9.3.2 An imperative sign?
			3.9.3.3 Subject drop
			3.9.3.4 The imperative verb
			3.9.3.5 Negated imperatives
	3.10 Optatives
		3.10.1 General overview
		3.10.2 Optatives in DGS
	3.11 Summary and conclusion
4 The lower CP and the IP area
	4.1 Introduction: the Cinquean hierarchy
	4.2 Speech-act-indicating expressions (frankly)
		4.2.1 General overview
		4.2.2 The situation in DGS
	4.3 Mirative (surprisingly)
		4.3.1 General overview
		4.3.2 The situation in DGS
	4.4 Evaluation (unfortunately)
		4.4.1 General overview
		4.4.2 The situation in DGS
	4.5 Evidentiality (allegedly)
		4.5.1 General overview
		4.5.2 The situation in DGS
	4.6 A note on modality
	4.7 Epistemic modality (probably)
		4.7.1 General overview
		4.7.2 The situation in DGS
	4.8 Mood irrealis (perhaps)
		4.8.1 General overview
		4.8.2 The situation in DGS
	4.9 Alethic modality
		4.9.1 General overview
		4.9.2 The situation in DGS
	4.10 Scalarity (little/much)
		4.10.1 General overview
		4.10.2 The situation in DGS
	4.11 Interim summary: high categories and non-manual expressions
	4.12 The at-issue/not-at-issue divide
		4.12.1 General overview
		4.12.2 The situation in DGS
	4.13 Tense
	4.14 Mood irrealis (perhaps)
	4.15 Alethic modality
	4.16 Deontic modality
		4.16.1 General overview
		4.16.2 The situation in DGS
	4.17 A general note on aspect
	4.18 Habitual aspect (usually)
		4.18.1 General overview
		4.18.2 The situation in DGS
	4.19 Delayed aspect (finally)
		4.19.1 General overview
		4.19.2 The situation in DGS
	4.20 Predispositional aspect (tendentially)
		4.20.1 General overview
		4.20.2 The situation in DGS
	4.21 Repetitive aspect I (again)
		4.21.1 General overview
		4.21.2 The situation in DGS
	4.22 Frequentative aspect I (often)
		4.22.1 General overview
		4.22.2 The situation in DGS
	4.23 Volition/Bouletic modality (intentionally/want)
		4.23.1 General overview
		4.23.2 The situation in DGS
	4.24 Celerative aspect I (quickly)
		4.24.1 General overview
		4.24.2 The situation in DGS
	4.25 Anterior tense (already)
		4.25.1 General overview
		4.25.2 The situation in DGS
	4.26 Terminative aspect (no longer)
		4.26.1 General overview
		4.26.2 The situation in DGS
	4.27 Continuative aspect I (still)
		4.27.1 General overview
		4.27.2 The situation in DGS
	4.28 Perfect/Imperfect aspect(?) (always)
		4.28.1 General overview
		4.28.2 The situation in DGS
	4.29 Retrospective aspect (just)
		4.29.1 General overview
		4.29.2 The situation in DGS
	4.30 Proximative aspect (soon)
		4.30.1 General overview
		4.30.2 The situation in DGS
	4.31 Durative aspect (briefly)
		4.31.1 General overview
		4.31.2 The situation in DGS
	4.32 Progressive aspect/Generic aspect (characteristically)
		4.32.1 General overview
		4.32.2 The situation in DGS
	4.33 Prospective (almost)
		4.33.1 General overview
		4.33.2 The situation in DGS
	4.34 Inceptive aspect I (begin)
		4.34.1 General overview
		4.34.2 The situation in DGS
	4.35 Success aspect (manage)
		4.35.1 General overview
		4.35.2 The situation in DGS
	4.36 Root modality (being able)
		4.36.1 General overview
		4.36.2 The situation in DGS
	4.37 A note on modal doubling
	4.38 Conative aspect (try)
		4.38.1 General overview
		4.38.2 The situation in DGS
	4.39 Completive aspect I (completely)
		4.39.1 General overview
		4.39.2 The situation in DGS
	4.40 Voice/Manner (well)
		4.40.1 General overview
		4.40.2 The situation in DGS
	4.41 Summary and conclusion
5 Inside the VoiceP
	5.1 The inner aspects
	5.2 The so-called `habitual aspect'
	5.3 The so-called `durative aspect'
	5.4 Inceptive aspect II (begin)
		5.4.1 General overview
		5.4.2 The situation in DGS
	5.5 Continuative aspect II (still)
		5.5.1 General overview
		5.5.2 The situation in DGS
	5.6 Celerative aspect II (fast/early)
		5.6.1 General overview
		5.6.2 The situation in DGS
	5.7 Completive aspect II (completely)
		5.7.1 General overview
		5.7.2 The situation in DGS
	5.8 Repetitive aspect II (again)
		5.8.1 General overview
		5.8.2 The situation in DGS
	5.9 Frequentative aspect II (often)
		5.9.1 General overview
		5.9.2 The situation in DGS
	5.10 Summary and conclusion
6 Conclusions
	6.1 The bodily-mapping hypothesis
	6.2 Concatenation strategies in DGS
	6.3 The at-issue/not-at-issue divide
	6.4 The VoiceP-internal modulation hypothesis
	6.5 Final remarks
References
Index
	Name Index
	Subject Index