The Basics of Aggregates

Foreword
Acknowledgements
Contents
1 Introduction
	Abstract
	1.1  Aggregate Types
	1.2  World Aggregate Market
	1.3  Mining Cycle of Aggregate Production
	1.4  Aggregate Applications
	1.5  Aggregates and Circular Economy
	1.6  Criticality of Aggregate Resources
	1.7  Environmental Concerns: Illegal Mining
	1.8  Questions
	References
2 Properties and Testing
	Abstract
	2.1  Introduction
	2.2  General Properties and Tests
		2.2.1  Petrographic Description
	2.3  Geometrical Properties and Tests
		2.3.1  Particle Size Distribution—Grading
		2.3.2  Shape and Surface Texture
		2.3.3  Fines
	2.4  Mechanical and Physical Properties and Tests
		2.4.1  Physical Properties and Tests
		2.4.2  Mechanical Properties and Tests
	2.5  Thermal and Weathering Properties and Tests
		2.5.1  Thermal Properties and Tests
		2.5.2  Weathering Properties and Tests
	2.6  Chemical Properties and Tests
	2.7  Questions
	References
3 Geological Occurrence
	Abstract
	3.1  Introduction
	3.2  Sand and Gravel
		3.2.1  Fluvial Deposits
		3.2.2  Glacial Deposits
		3.2.3  Coastal Deposits
		3.2.4  Marine Deposits
		3.2.5  Eolian (Windblown) Deposits
	3.3  Crushed Stone
		3.3.1  Sedimentary Rocks
		3.3.2  Igneous Rocks
		3.3.3  Metamorphic Rocks
	3.4  Questions
	References
4 Exploration and Evaluation of Deposits
	Abstract
	4.1  Exploration Process
		4.1.1  Introduction
		4.1.2  Phases of Exploration
		4.1.3  Methods of Exploration
		4.1.4  Sampling
	4.2  Evaluation Process
		4.2.1  Introduction
		4.2.2  Classical Methods
		4.2.3  Geostatistical Methods
		4.2.4  Economic Evaluation
	4.3  Questions
	References
5 Extraction Methods
	Abstract
	5.1  Introduction
	5.2  Crushed Rock
		5.2.1  Surface Quarrying
		5.2.2  Underground Quarrying
		5.2.3  Super Quarries
	5.3  Sand and Gravel
		5.3.1  Dry Mining
		5.3.2  Wet Mining
		5.3.3  Marine Aggregate Extraction
	5.4  Questions
	References
6 Processing Techniques
	Abstract
	6.1  Introduction
	6.2  Sand and Gravel
		6.2.1  Washing
		6.2.2  Screening
		6.2.3  Stockpiling and Loadout
		6.2.4  Dewatering
		6.2.5  Materials Handling
	6.3  Hard Rock Aggregate
		6.3.1  Crushing
		6.3.2  Screening, Stockpiling, and Loadout
	6.4  Questions
	References
7 Environment and Sustainability
	Abstract
	7.1  Mining, Environment and Sustainability
	7.2  Potential Environmental Impacts and Their Management
		7.2.1  Air Emission of Particulate Matter
		7.2.2  Increased Noise Levels
		7.2.3  Vibrations Associated with Blasting
		7.2.4  Water Condition
		7.2.5  Biodiversity Loss
		7.2.6  Visually Disturbed Landscapes and Reclamation
	7.3  Questions
	References
8 Applications
	Abstract
	8.1  Introduction
	8.2  Concrete and Mortar
		8.2.1  Concrete
		8.2.2  Mortar
	8.3  Roads
		8.3.1  Unbound Materials
		8.3.2  Bituminous Mixtures
	8.4  Railway Ballast
	8.5  Armourstone
	8.6  Gabions and Matresses
	8.7  Filter Media
	8.8  Decoration
	8.9  Questions
	References
9 Recycled Aggregates
	Abstract
	9.1  Introduction
	9.2  Construction and Demolition Waste
		9.2.1  CDW Composition
		9.2.2  Management of CDW
		9.2.3  Valorization Plants
	9.3  Recycled Aggregates
		9.3.1  Properties of Recycled Aggregates
		9.3.2  Applications
	9.4  Questions
	References