The Application of the Precautionary Principle in Practice: Comparative Dimensions

Half-title......Page 3
Title......Page 5
Copyright......Page 6
Dedication......Page 7
Contents......Page 9
Acknowledgements......Page 12
Abbreviations......Page 14
World Trade Organisation (WTO) Appellate Body Reports......Page 17
European Court of Justice (ECJ)......Page 18
United Kingdom......Page 19
United States of America......Page 20
Sweden......Page 22
International Agreements......Page 23
International Resolutions, Declarations and Guidelines......Page 24
Directives......Page 25
Decisions......Page 26
Other......Page 27
Preparatory Works......Page 28
Other......Page 29
Other......Page 30
Other......Page 32
1 Introduction......Page 35
2.1 Introduction......Page 42
2.2.1 Defining risk......Page 43
2.2.2 The perception of risk......Page 46
2.2.3 Scientific uncertainty, prevention and precaution......Page 48
2.3.1.1 Risk assessment......Page 51
2.3.1.2 Risk management......Page 53
2.3.1.3 Risk communication......Page 54
2.3.2 Cost–benefit analysis......Page 55
2.3.3 Risk trade-off analysis......Page 58
2.4 Attempts at defining the precautionary principle......Page 60
2.5 Conclusion......Page 65
3.1 Introduction......Page 67
3.2.1.1 Binding international agreements......Page 68
3.2.1.2 Non-binding international instruments......Page 69
3.2.2 International case law......Page 71
3.3.1 The precautionary principle and the WTO Agreements......Page 73
3.3.2.1 The definition of the precautionary principle......Page 80
3.3.2.2 Judicial review......Page 83
3.3.2.3 Risk assessment and risk management......Page 86
3.3.2.4 Scientific evidence and the introduction of precautionary measures......Page 91
3.3.2.5 The burden of proof......Page 100
3.3.2.6 The targeting of risks, proportionality and cost–benefit analysis......Page 104
3.4 Conclusion......Page 106
4.1 Introduction......Page 110
4.2.1 Early developments......Page 112
4.2.2 The Single European Act......Page 118
4.2.3 The Treaty of Maastricht......Page 121
4.2.4 The Treaty of Amsterdam and the Lisbon Treaty......Page 124
4.2.5.1 The purpose of the Communication......Page 126
4.2.5.3 Judicial review......Page 127
4.2.5.4 Risk assessment and risk management......Page 128
4.2.5.5 Scientific evidence and the introduction of precautionary measures......Page 129
4.2.5.6 The burden of proof......Page 131
4.2.5.7 Cost–benefit analysis and proportionality......Page 132
4.2.5.8 The targeting of risks and risk trade-offs......Page 133
4.2.5.9 Concluding remarks on Communication (2000)1......Page 134
4.2.6 Recent examples of the influence of the precautionary principle in secondary EU legislation......Page 136
4.3.1 Introduction......Page 137
4.3.2 The definition of the precautionary principle......Page 139
4.3.3 The role of scientific evidence and the limits of judicial review......Page 142
4.3.4 Risk assessment and risk management......Page 150
4.3.5 Scientific evidence and the introduction of precautionary measures......Page 154
4.3.6 The burden of proof......Page 164
4.3.7 Cost–benefit analysis and proportionality......Page 169
4.3.8 The targeting of risks......Page 176
4.4 Conclusions......Page 182
5.1.1 Introduction......Page 186
5.1.2 Background and development......Page 187
5.1.3 The current context and definition of the precautionary principle......Page 191
5.1.4 Judicial review......Page 194
5.1.5 Risk assessment and risk management......Page 198
5.1.6 Scientific evidence and the introduction of precautionary measures......Page 199
5.1.7 The burden of proof......Page 203
5.1.8 Cost–benefit analysis......Page 205
5.1.9 The targeting of risks......Page 206
5.1.10 Conclusion......Page 208
5.2.1 Introduction......Page 210
5.2.2 The legal framework......Page 211
5.2.3 The institutional framework......Page 213
5.2.4 Risk assessment and risk management......Page 214
5.2.5 Scientific evidence and the introduction of precautionary measures......Page 219
5.2.6 The burden of proof......Page 226
5.2.7 Cost–benefit analysis......Page 228
5.2.8 Conclusion......Page 229
5.3.2 The legal framework......Page 232
5.3.3 The institutional framework......Page 236
5.3.5 Scientific evidence and the introduction of precautionary measures......Page 239
5.3.6 The burden of proof......Page 244
5.3.7 Cost–benefit analysis......Page 245
5.3.8 Conclusion......Page 246
6.1.2 Background and development......Page 249
6.1.3 The current context and definition of the precautionary principle......Page 251
6.1.4 Judicial review......Page 253
6.1.5 Risk assessment and risk management......Page 255
6.1.6 Scientific evidence and the introduction of precautionary measures......Page 256
6.1.7 The burden of proof......Page 258
6.1.8 Cost–benefit analysis......Page 261
6.1.9 The targeting of risks......Page 262
6.1.10 Public opinion......Page 263
6.1.11 Conclusion......Page 265
6.2.1 Introduction......Page 267
6.2.2 The legal framework......Page 268
6.2.3 The institutional framework......Page 269
6.2.4 Risk assessment and risk management......Page 271
6.2.5 Scientific evidence and the introduction of precautionary measures......Page 273
6.2.6 The burden of proof......Page 278
6.2.7 Cost–benefit analysis......Page 280
6.2.8 Conclusion......Page 281
6.3.2 The legal framework......Page 284
6.3.3 The institutional framework......Page 285
6.3.4 Risk assessment and risk management......Page 288
6.3.5 Scientific evidence and the introduction of precautionary measures......Page 289
6.3.6 The burden of proof......Page 293
6.3.7 Cost–benefit analysis......Page 294
6.3.8 Public opinion......Page 295
6.3.9 Conclusion......Page 298
7.1.1 Introduction......Page 301
7.1.2 Background and development......Page 302
7.1.3 The current context and definition of the precautionary principle......Page 305
7.1.4 Judicial review......Page 308
7.1.5 Risk assessment and risk management......Page 313
7.1.6 Scientific evidence and the introduction of precautionary measures......Page 316
7.1.7 The burden of proof......Page 318
7.1.8 Cost–benefit analysis......Page 320
7.1.9 The targeting of risks......Page 323
7.1.10 Public opinion......Page 326
7.1.11 Conclusion......Page 327
7.2.2 The legal framework......Page 330
7.2.3 The institutional framework......Page 332
7.2.4 Risk assessment and risk management......Page 334
7.2.5 Scientific evidence and the introduction of precautionary measures......Page 335
7.2.6 The burden of proof......Page 338
7.2.7 Cost–benefit analysis......Page 339
7.2.8 Conclusion......Page 342
7.3.1 Introduction......Page 343
7.3.2 The legal framework......Page 344
7.3.3 The institutional framework......Page 346
7.3.4 Risk assessment and risk management......Page 348
7.3.5 Scientific evidence and the introduction of precautionary measures......Page 349
7.3.6 The burden of proof......Page 353
7.3.7 Cost–benefit analysis......Page 354
7.3.8 Public opinion......Page 355
7.3.9 Conclusion......Page 358
8 Conclusions......Page 361
8.1.2 WTO law......Page 362
8.2 EU law......Page 364
8.3 The national legal systems......Page 366
8.3.1 Sweden......Page 368
8.3.2 The UK......Page 372
8.3.3 The USA......Page 374
8.4 The different types of the precautionary principle......Page 378
8.5 Which way forward?......Page 380
Bibliography......Page 383
Index......Page 400