Terrestrial Ecosystems in a Changing World

3540327290......Page 1
Contents......Page 9
1.1 Introduction......Page 24
1.2 Carbon and Water Cycles in the 21st Century......Page 25
1.4 Landscapes under Changing Disturbance Regimes......Page 26
1.7 The Way Forward......Page 27
References......Page 28
Part A: Carbon and Water Cycles in the 21st Century......Page 29
2.1 Carbon a Limiting Plant Resource?......Page 30
2.2 Long-Term Biomass Responses and Carbon Pools......Page 31
2.3 Carbon to Nutrient Ratios and Consumer Responses......Page 34
2.4 Plant Water Relations and Hydrological Implications......Page 35
2.6 Biodiversity Effects May Outweigh Physiology Effects......Page 37
2.7 Summary and Conclusions......Page 38
References......Page 39
3.2 Ecosystem Responses to Experimental Warming......Page 43
3.3 Temperature and CO[sub(2)] Interactions in Trees: the TACIT Experiment......Page 46
3.4 More Than Two Factors: the Jasper Ridge Global Change Experiment......Page 48
3.5 Modeling Temperature, CO[sub(2)] and N Interactions in Trees and Grass......Page 50
3.6 Summary and Conclusions......Page 53
References......Page 54
4.2 Ecosystem Carbon Cycles......Page 57
4.3 The Global Carbon Cycle......Page 60
In Memoriam......Page 62
References......Page 63
5.1 Introduction......Page 65
5.2 Urban Land-Use Change......Page 66
5.3 Urban Environmental Factors......Page 67
5.4 Disturbance and Management Effects......Page 70
5.5 Effects of Built Environment......Page 72
5.6 Assessing Biogeochemical Effects – the Importance of Scale......Page 74
5.7 Summary and Conclusions......Page 75
References......Page 76
6.2 Location of the Current Terrestrial Carbon Sinks......Page 79
6.4 Processes Contributing to Terrestrial Carbon Sink Saturation......Page 80
6.5 Integration and Model Predictions......Page 91
6.6 Summary and Conclusions......Page 93
References......Page 94
Part B: Changing Biodiversity and Ecosystem Functioning......Page 99
7.1 Introduction......Page 100
7.3 FD effects on Global Change Drivers......Page 101
Acknowledgments......Page 108
References......Page 109
8.2 Plant Invasions and Elevated CO[sub(2)]......Page 111
8.3 Plant Invasions and Climatic Change......Page 113
8.4 Plant Invasions and Land Eutrophication......Page 114
8.5 Plant Invasions and Changes in Land Use/Cover......Page 115
8.6 Multiple Interactions......Page 116
References......Page 117
9.1 Ten Years of GCTE Research: Apprehending Complexity......Page 121
9.2 Temporal Variation and Response to Elevated CO[sub(2)]......Page 123
9.3 Biodiversity Loss and Response to Elevated CO[sub(2)]......Page 125
9.4 Summary and Conclusions......Page 128
References......Page 129
10.1 Biodiversity and Ecosystem Functioning: a Synthesis......Page 131
10.2 The BioMERGE Framework......Page 135
10.3 Discussion: Towards a Large Scale BEF......Page 140
References......Page 141
Part C: Landscapes under Changing Disturbance Regimes......Page 145
11.1 Introduction......Page 146
11.2 Will Migration Be Necessary for Species Persistence?......Page 147
11.3 Measurements and Models of Migration Rates......Page 150
11.4 Linking Migration and Niche Based Models......Page 151
References......Page 152
12.1 Introduction......Page 155
12.3 Model Classification......Page 156
12.4 Model Comparison......Page 157
12.5 Results and Discussion......Page 160
12.6 Summary and Conclusions......Page 161
References......Page 162
13.2 Individual Plant Structure and Function......Page 165
13.3 Traits and Environmental Gradients......Page 168
13.4 Scaling from Individual Plants to Communities: from Response Traits to Community Assembly......Page 171
13.5 Scaling from Communities to Ecosystems: from Response Traits to Effect Traits......Page 172
13.6 So, Are We Getting Closer to the Holy Grail? Scaling beyond Ecosystems......Page 173
References......Page 175
14.1 Introduction......Page 181
14.3 Insights to Global Change Issues......Page 182
14.4 Forecasting Spatial Nonlinearities and Catastrophic Events......Page 188
References......Page 189
15.2 Historical Antecedents and Development of DGVMs......Page 191
15.3 Principles and Construction of DGVMs......Page 194
15.4 Evaluating DGVMS......Page 197
15.5 Examples of Applications of DGVMS......Page 198
15.6 Some Perspectives and Research Needs......Page 201
References......Page 203
Part D: Managing Ecosystem Services......Page 209
16.1 Introduction......Page 210
16.2 Global Atmospheric Change, Climate and Yields......Page 212
16.3 Impacts on Wheat Productivity......Page 214
16.5 The Protein Gap......Page 215
16.6 The Rice-Wheat System......Page 216
16.8 The Contribution of the Rice-Wheat System to Climate Change......Page 217
16.10 Methane......Page 218
16.12 Comparative Greenhouse Gas Budgets for Rice-Wheat Farming Systems......Page 219
16.13 Summary and Conclusions......Page 222
References......Page 223
17.2 Methods......Page 225
17.3 Impacts......Page 230
17.4 Adaptation......Page 234
17.6 Summary and Conclusions......Page 236
References......Page 237
18.1 Introduction......Page 241
18.2 What Is Meant by GHG Mitigation Potential?......Page 243
18.3 Regional Case Studies......Page 244
18.5 Win-Win Strategies for Greenhouse Gas Mitigation by Agricultural Soils......Page 246
18.6 Future Challenges......Page 247
18.7 Summary and Conclusions......Page 248
References......Page 249
19.2 Afforestation......Page 250
19.3 Woody Encroachment and Agriculture......Page 253
19.4 Summary and Conclusions......Page 256
References......Page 257
20.2 Drylands, Desertification, Drivers, and Scales......Page 260
20.3 Joint GCTE-LUCC Desertification Initiative......Page 265
20.4 Management of Desertified Drylands......Page 267
References......Page 268
Part E: Regions under Stress......Page 271
21.1 Introduction......Page 272
21.2 Underlying Causes of Land Fires......Page 273
21.3 Landscape, Regional and Global Interactions......Page 276
21.4 Human Well-Being......Page 278
21.5 Informed Decision-Making and Better Governance......Page 279
21.6 Summary and Conclusions......Page 280
References......Page 281
22.1 Introduction......Page 283
22.2 Chinese Terrestrial Transects......Page 284
22.3 Physiological and Plant Responses to Multiple Global Change Forcing......Page 285
22.4 Productivity and Its Responses to Global Change......Page 286
22.5 Carbon Budget and Its Responses to Global Change......Page 288
References......Page 292
23.2 Responses of Plant Communities to the Global Change: Scaling from Leaf to Landscape Through Individual Plant......Page 294
23.3 Carbon Budget at the Forest Watershed Scale......Page 298
23.4 Carbon Budget and Functions of the Lake Biwa Ecosystem......Page 301
References......Page 303
24.2 Recent Changes in Climate, Disturbance Regimes, and Land Cover......Page 306
24.3 Responses of Radiatively Active Gases......Page 309
24.4 Responses of Water and Energy Exchange......Page 313
24.6 Summary and Conclusions......Page 314
References......Page 315
Part F: Future Directions: the Global Land Project......Page 320
25.1 Introduction......Page 321
25.2 Research Objectives......Page 322
25.3 Emergent Concepts......Page 323
25.4 Research Framework......Page 325
25.5 Implementation Strategy......Page 327
25.6 Summary and Conclusions......Page 328
References......Page 329
A......Page 331
C......Page 332
E......Page 334
F......Page 335
G......Page 336
J......Page 337
M......Page 338
N......Page 339
P......Page 340
S......Page 341
T......Page 342
W......Page 343
Y......Page 344