Telegeoinformatics: Location-based Computing and Services

Book Cover......Page 1
Title......Page 2
Copyright......Page 3
Contents......Page 4
Preface......Page 15
Part One: Theories and Technologies......Page 18
1.1  INTRODUCTION......Page 19
1.2  ARCHITECTURE......Page 21
1.3  INTERNET-BASED GIS......Page 22
1.4  SPATIAL DATABASES......Page 29
1.5  INTELLIGENT QUERY ANALYZER (IQA)......Page 30
1.6  PREDICTIVE COMPUTING......Page 32
1.7  ADAPTATION......Page 33
REFERENCES......Page 36
2.1.1  What is Remote Sensing?......Page 38
2.1.2 The Evolution of Remote Sensing......Page 39
2.1.3  Electromagnetic Radiation Principles in Remote Sensing......Page 40
2.3  IMAGING CHARACTERISTICS OF REMOTE SENSING SYSTEMS......Page 41
2.3.1 Spatial Resolution......Page 42
2.3.2 Spectral Resolution......Page 44
2.4.1 What is Radar and IFSAR?......Page 45
2.4.2 Introduction to SAR......Page 46
2.4.3 Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (IFSAR)......Page 47
2.4.4 LIDAR......Page 48
2.5.1 Visual Image Interpretation......Page 50
2.5.2 Digital Image Classification......Page 51
2.5.3 Image Classification Approaches......Page 52
2.5.3.1 Supervised Classification......Page 53
2.5.3.2 Unsupervised Classification......Page 55
2.5.3.3 Hybrid Classification......Page 56
2.5.4 Accuracy Assessment......Page 57
2.5.5 Change Detection......Page 58
2.6.1 Fundamentals of Photogrammetry......Page 59
2.6.2 Photogrammetric Processing of Multiple Photographs......Page 60
2.6.3 Softcopy Photogrammetry......Page 63
2.6.3.2 Image Sources......Page 64
2.6.3.3
Measurement System
σ2......Page 65
2.6.3.6 Absolute Orientation......Page 66
2.6.3.8 Restitution......Page 67
2.6.4 Direct Georeferencing......Page 68
2.6.5 Photogrammetric Processing of Satellite Imagery......Page 69
2.7.2 Mobile Mapping Technology and Telegeoinformatics......Page 70
REFERENCES......Page 72
3.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 74
3.2.1 Definitions and System Components......Page 75
3.2.2 GPS Signal Structure......Page 77
3.2.3.1 Systematic Errors......Page 78
3.2.3.1.2 Selective Availability (SA)......Page 79
3.2.3.2 Mathematical Models of Pseudorange and Carrier Phase......Page 80
3.2.4 Positioning with GPS......Page 82
3.2.4.1.2 Relative Positioning......Page 83
3.2.4.1.3 DGPS Services......Page 84
3.2.4.2 How Accurate is GPS?......Page 86
3.2.5 GPS Instrumentation......Page 87
3.2.6 GPS Modernization and Other Satellite Systems......Page 88
3.3 POSITIONING METHODS BASED ON CELLULAR NETWORKS......Page 89
3.3.2 Network-Centric and Hybrid Positioning Methods......Page 91
3.3.3 GSM and UMTS Ranging Accuracy......Page 96
3.4.1 Inertial and Dead Reckoning Systems......Page 98
3.4.1.1 What Are the Errors in Inertial Navigation?......Page 99
3.4.3.1 Acoustic (Ultrasonic) Tracking......Page 100
3.4.3.3 Optical Tracking......Page 101
3.4.3.4 Pseudolite Tracking......Page 102
3.5 HYBRID SYSTEMS......Page 104
3.6 SUMMARY......Page 105
REFERENCES......Page 106
4.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 110
4.2.1 Classification of Wireless Networks......Page 111
4.2.2 Wireless Network Architectures......Page 114
4.2.2.1 Example of a Complex Architecture: GSM......Page 115
4.2.2.2 Example of a Simple Architecture: IEEE 802.11......Page 117
4.2.2.3 Example of an Ad Hoc Topology: Bluetooth......Page 118
4.2.3 Issues and Challenges in Wireless Networks......Page 119
4.3.1.1 Large-Scale Fading......Page 120
4.3.1.2 Small-Scale Fading......Page 121
4.3.2 Modulation and Coding for Wireless Systems......Page 122
4.4 MEDIUM ACCESS IN WIRELESS NETWORKS......Page 123
4.4.2.1 Random Access Protocols......Page 124
4.4.2.2 Taking Turns Protocols......Page 125
4.4.2.3 Reservation Protocols......Page 126
4.5 NETWORK PLANNING, DESIGN AND DEPLOYMENT......Page 127
4.6.1 Radio Resources Management......Page 129
4.6.2 Power Management......Page 130
4.6.3 Mobility Management......Page 131
4.6.3.1 Location Management......Page 132
4.6.3.2 Handoff Management......Page 133
4.6.4 Security......Page 134
REFERENCES......Page 135
Part Two:  Integrated Data and Technologies......Page 138
5.1  INTRODUCTION......Page 139
5.2  LBC INFRASTRUCTURE......Page 140
5.3 LOCATION-BASED INTEROPERABILITY......Page 141
5.3.1  Open Distributed Processing and LBC......Page 142
5.3.2.1  Location Interoperability Forum (LIF)......Page 144
5.3.2.2 Wireless Application Protocol (WAP) Location Framework......Page 145
5.3.3.1  Geography Markup Language......Page 146
5.3.3.2  Point of Interest Exchange Language......Page 147
5.4  LOCATION-BASED DATA MANAGEMENT......Page 149
5.5.1  Motivating Example......Page 151
5.5.2 Metadata Management for Adaptive Location-Based Computing......Page 152
5.5.3 Pervasive Catalog Infrastructure......Page 153
5.5.4 Querying Pervasive Catalog......Page 155
5.6  LOCATION-BASED ROUTING AS ADAPTIVE LBC......Page 156
5.7 CONCLUDING REMARKS......Page 158
REFERENCES......Page 159
6.2  TYPES OF LOCATION-BASED SERVICES......Page 161
6.3 WHAT IS UNIQUE ABOUT LOCATION-BASED SERVICES?......Page 162
6.3.1 Integration With e-Business Solutions......Page 163
6.4 ENABLING TECHNOLOGIES......Page 164
6.4.1 Spatial Data Management......Page 165
6.4.2 Mobile Middleware......Page 166
6.4.3 Open Interface Specifications......Page 168
6.4.4 Network-Based Service Environment......Page 169
6.4.5 Positioning Equipment......Page 170
6.5 MARKET FOR LOCATION-BASED SERVICES......Page 171
6.6 IMPORTANCE OF ARCHITECTURE AND STANDARDS......Page 172
6.6.1 Java and Location-Based Services......Page 173
6.7 EXAMPLE LOCATION-BASED SERVICES: J-PHONE J-NAVI (JAPAN)......Page 174
6.8 CONCLUSIONS......Page 175
REFERENCES......Page 176
7.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 177
7.3 HUMANISTIC INTELLIGENCE......Page 178
7.4 ‘WEARCOMP’ AS A MEANS OF REALIZING HUMANISTIC INTELLIGENCE......Page 179
7.4.1 Basic Principles of WearComp as a Tele-Informatic Device......Page 180
7.4.2 The Six Basic Signal Flow Paths of WearComp......Page 181
7.5 WHERE ON THE BODY SHOULD A VISUAL TELE-INFORMATIC DEVICE BE PLACED?......Page 182
7.6.1 No Need for Headwear or Eyewear if Only Augmenting......Page 183
7.6.2 Computer Mediated Collaborative Living (CMCL)......Page 186
7.7 PORTABLE PERSONAL PULSE DOPPLER RADAR VISION SYSTEM......Page 187
7.7.2 Apparatus, Method, and Experiments......Page 188
7.8 WHEN BOTH THE CAMERA AND DISPLAY ARE HEADWORD: PERSONAL IMAGING AND MEDIATED REALITY......Page 189
7.8.1 Some Simple Illustrative Examples......Page 190
7.8.2 Deconfigured Eyes: The Invention of the Reality Mediator......Page 192
7.8.3 Personal Cyborg Logs (“glogs”) as a Tool for Photojournalists and Reporters......Page 193
7.10 REALITY WINDOW MANAGER (RWM)......Page 194
7.10.1 A Simple Example of RWM......Page 195
7.10.2 The Wearable Face Recognizer as an Example of a Reality User Interface......Page 196
7.11 PERSONAL TELEGEOINFORMATICS: BLOCKING SPAM WITH A PHOTONIC FILTER......Page 199
REFERENCES......Page 200
8.1.1 Definition......Page 204
8.1.2 Historical Overview......Page 205
8.1.3 Mobile AR Systems......Page 207
8.2.1 Applications......Page 208
8.2.2 Challenges......Page 213
8.3.1 Mobile Computing Platforms......Page 214
8.3.2 Displays for Mobile AR......Page 216
8.3.3 Tracking and Registration......Page 219
8.3.4 Environmental Modeling......Page 222
8.3.5 Wearable Input and Interaction Technologies......Page 224
8.3.6 Wireless Communication and Data Storage Technologies......Page 227
8.3.7 Summary: A Top-of-the-line MARS Research Platform......Page 228
8.4.1 Information Display and Interaction Techniques......Page 229
8.4.2 Properties of MARS UIs......Page 231
8.5 CONCLUSIONS......Page 232
REFERENCES......Page 233
Part Three: Applications......Page 238
9.1.1  General Aspects......Page 239
9.1.2 Structure of ERSs......Page 240
9.2.1 Strong Motion Instrumentation and ERSs for Earthquake Disasters in California......Page 242
9.2.2 Strong Motion Instrumentation and ERSs for Earthquake Disasters in Japan......Page 243
9.2.3 Strong Motion Instrumentation and ERSs in Taiwan......Page 245
9.2.4 Strong Motion Instrumentation and ERSs in Other Countries......Page 246
9.2.6 New Method of Damage Reconnaissance......Page 247
9.3.2 Seismic Ground Motion Evaluation......Page 248
9.3.3 Soil Modeling......Page 249
9.3.4 Seismic Damage Estimation......Page 251
9.3.6 Environmental Vibration Alarm......Page 252
9.3.7 “Anshin-System”: Intercommunication System for Earthquake Hazard and Disaster Information......Page 253
9.4.1 Implementation Issues......Page 256
9.4.2 Developing New Technologies for ERSs......Page 257
REFERENCES......Page 258
10.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 260
10.2 LBC-INFRA CONCEPT......Page 262
10.3 TECHNOLOGICAL COMPONENTS OF LBC-INFRA......Page 263
10.3.1 Mobile and Wearable Computers......Page 264
10.3.2 Spatial Databases......Page 267
10.3.3 Positioning and Tracking Technologies......Page 268
10.3.4 Wireless Communications......Page 270
10.4 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS OF LBC-INFRA......Page 271
10.5.1 Interaction Patterns of LBC-Infra......Page 272
10.5.2 Interaction Framework......Page 273
10.5.3 Interaction Levels of LBC-Infra......Page 275
10.6 PROTOTYPE SYSTEM AND CASE STUDY......Page 277
10.6.1 Software of the Prototype......Page 278
10.6.3 Preliminary Evaluation of the Prototype System......Page 279
10.7 CONCLUSIONS......Page 280
REFERENCES......Page 281
11.1.1 The ITS Vision and Functional Areas......Page 284
11.1.2 The ITS Architecture......Page 285
11.2 TELEGEOINFORMATICS WITHIN ITS......Page 287
11.2.1 ITS-Telegeoinformatics Technologies......Page 288
11.2.3 The ITS-Telegeoinformatics Development Drivers......Page 289
11.3.1 Taxonomy of Positioning Systems......Page 291
11.3.2 Attributes of Positioning Systems......Page 292
11.3.3 E911 and Positioning System Development......Page 293
11.4.1 The Digital Map......Page 294
11.4.2 Map Attribute Data......Page 296
11.4.3 Map Display......Page 297
11.4.4 Map-Aided Positioning......Page 298
11.4.5 Navigable Road Map Databases......Page 299
11.5 COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS IN ITS......Page 300
11.5.2 Mobile Telephony Systems: GPRS and 3G......Page 302
11.6.1 Driver Assistance......Page 303
11.6.2 Passenger Information......Page 306
11.6.3 Vehicle Management......Page 307
11.7 NON-TECHNICAL ISSUES IMPACTING ON ITS......Page 308
REFERENCES......Page 310
12.1 THE DEFINITION OF TECHNOLOGIES......Page 312
12.2 LBSs: DEFINITIONS, SOFTWARE, AND USAGE......Page 313
12.3 THE MARKET FOR LBSs: A MODEL OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF LBSs......Page 316
12.4.1 Summary of the Growth Trend in the Mobile Market......Page 319
12.4.2 Prediction of Growth Trend in the Mobile Market......Page 322
12.5 IMPACTS OF LBSS ON GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATIONS......Page 323
12.6 CONCLUSIONS......Page 325
REFERENCES......Page 326
About the Authors......Page 328
Index......Page 333