Sustainable Green Synthesised Nano-Dimensional Materials for Energy and Environmental Applications

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Sustainable Green Synthesised Nano-Dimensional Materials for Energy and Environmental Applications
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Preface
Acknowledgements
Contents
1. Biogenic Metal Nanoparticles: Biosynthesis to Applications
	1. Introduction
	2. Biosynthesis of Metal Nanoparticles (MNPs)
		2.1 Green Synthesis of MNPs Through Plants
		2.2 Fungi-Assisted MNPs
		2.3 Bacterial Mediated Synthesis of MNPs
		2.4 Algae-Assisted Synthesis of MNPs
	3. Metal Nanoparticles Characterization Techniques
	4. Factors Affecting Biosynthesis of Nanoparticles
	5. Applications of Metal Nanoparticles
		5.1 Metal-Based Nanoparticles in Medicine
		5.2 Metal Nanoparticles for Drug Delivery
		5.3 Metal Nanoparticles for Gene Delivery
		5.4 Metal Nanoparticles for Protein Delivery
		5.5 Metal Nanoparticles in Radiation-Based Anticancer Therapy
	6. Conclusion
	References
2. Role of Green Reducing Agents in Synthesis of Nanomaterials
	1. Introduction
	2. Plant Extracts as Reducing Agents
		2.1 Leaf Extract
			2.1.1 Bay Laurel (Laurus nobilis)
			2.1.2 Black Tea Leaf
			2.1.3 PVA-Ag Nanofilm From Black Tea Leaf Extract
			2.1.4 Iron Oxide Nanoparticle From Black Tea Leaf Extract
			2.1.5 Mango Leaf (Mangifera Indica)
			2.1.6 Lemon Leaf (Citrus Limon)
			2.1.7 Curry Leaf (Murraya Koenigii Linn)
			2.1.8 Olive Leaf
			2.1.9 Reetha and Shikakai Leaf
			2.1.10 Fenugreek Leaf (Trigonella Foenumgraecum)
			2.1.11 Common Sage (Salvia Officinalis)
			2.1.12 Rose Mallow (Hibiscus Rosa Sinensis)
			2.1.13 Eucalyptus Leaf (Eucalyptus Globulus)
			2.1.14 Acalypha Indica
			2.1.15 Dalbergia Sissoo Leaf (North Indian Rosewood)
			2.1.16 Aloe Vera
			2.1.17 Oak (Quercus Virginiana), Green Tea, Pomegranate (Punica Granatum) and Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus Globulus) Leaves
			2.1.18 Bamboo Leaf
		2.2 Seed Extract
			2.2.1 Artocarpus Heterophyllus Lam (Jack Fruit)
			2.2.2 Alpinia Katsumadai (Cardamon)
		2.3 Root Extract
			2.3.1 Morinda Citrifolia L
			2.3.2 Berberis Asiatica
			2.3.3 The Root Extract of Sphagneticola Trilobata Linn
			2.3.4 Mimosa Pudica (Sensitive Plant)
		2.4 Starch Extract
			2.4.1 Corn, Cassava and Sago Starch
			2.4.2 Starch Powder
		2.5 Bark Extract
			2.5.1 The Bark Extract of Pine (Punica Eldarica)
			2.5.2 The Cinnamon Bark Extract
		2.6 Juice Extract
			2.6.1 Grape or Tomato Juice for the Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles
			2.6.2 Lemon Juice (Citrus Limon) Extract
		2.7 Vegetable and Fruit Extract
			2.7.1 Apple Fruit Extract for Silver Nanoparticles
			2.7.2 Pomegranate (Punica granatum) Extract for Gold Nanoparticles:
			2.7.3 Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles From Potato Extract
		2.8 Microorganism Extract
			2.8.1 Pleurotus Sajor Caju (Fungi) Extract for Silver Nanoparticles
			2.8.2 Marinobacter Algicola Extract for Gold Nanoparticles
	3. Physico-Optic Characterization of Nanomaterials Synthesized
	4. Summary and Discussion
	References
3. Role of Stabilizing Agent Role in Nanomaterials (NM)
	1. Introduction
	2. Chemicals as Stabilizing Agents
		2.1 Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP)
		2.2 Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA)
		2.3 EDTA
		2.4 Surfactant
		2.5 Polymers and Copolymers
		2.6 Low Molecular Weight Polyols
		2.7 Ligands
		2.8 Dendrimers
	3. Biogenic Materials as Stabilizing Agents
		3.1 In Vitro Stabilization
		3.2 In Vivo Stabilization
		3.3 Protein and Amino Acids
		3.4 Ferritin
		3.5 Nucleic Acids
		3.6 Bacteria-Mediated Synthesis
		3.7 Plant-Assisted Synthesis
		3.8 Secondary Metabolites Involved in Biosynthesis of Nanoparticles
	4. Effects of other Parameters on the Creation of Nanoparticles Mediated by Plants
	5. Conclusions
	References
4. Stability and Toxicity of Green-Synthesized NM
	1. Introduction
	2. Biological Synthesis of NMs for Drug Delivery and Diagnosis
		2.1 Anticancer Activity by Using Green-Synthesized NMs
		2.2 Cancer Diagnosis by Using Bio-Compatible NMs
		2.3 NMs-Based Nanomedicine in the Future
	3. Mechanism of Stability and Toxicity
		3.1 Diffusion and Penetration of NMs
		3.2 Toxicological Aspects of NMs
	4. Analysis of NM Toxicity
		4.1 In Silico Method
		4.2 In Vitro Method
		4.3 In Vivo Method
	5. Pharmacokinetic (Pk) Parameters of NMs
		5.1 Absorption
		5.2 Distribution
		5.3 Metabolism
		5.4 Excretion
	6. Effect of Physicochemical Properties of NMs on Toxicity
		6.1 Size and Shape
		6.2 Surface Morphology
		6.3 The Effect of Coating Materials and Compositions of Materials
	7. Future Perspective
	8. Conclusion
	References
5. Biodegradable Waste Products as Reducing Agents for Green Nanomaterial Synthesis and their Applications
	1. Introduction
	2. What is Nanotechnology?
	3. What are Nanoparticles?
	4. What are Waste Materials?
	5. Waste Materials as Resource for Synthesis of Nanoparticles
	6. Waste Separation or Sorting for Nanoparticle Synthesis
	7. Advantages of Nanoparticle Synthesis From Waste Materials
	8. Disadvantages of Nanoparticle Synthesis From Waste Materials
	9. Research Gaps
	10. Challenges Associated With Nanoparticle Synthesis From Waste Materials
	11. Green Synthesis of Nanoparticles From Waste
	12. Common Methods for Nanoparticle Synthesis From Waste Materials
	13. Different Types and Examples of Waste Materials Used for Nanoparticle Synthesis
	14. Different Nanoparticles Synthesized from Waste Materials
	15. Downstream Processing Techniques for Nanoparticles Synthesized From Waste Materials
	16. Applications of Nanoparticles in Diverse Fields
	17. Future Prospects
	18. Summary
	19. Conclusion
	Acknowledgments
	References
6. Scale-Up Process of Green Nanomaterials
	1. Introduction
	2. Why are NPs Biologically Synthesized?
	3. Methods of Synthesis
		3.1 Green Reducing Scale-Up Synthesis Process
		3.2 Large-Scale Solar Cell Manufacture
		3.3 Wastewater Treatments for Green Products
	4. Green Biocatalytic Synthesis of Nanoscale Materials
		4.1 Product Optimization
		4.2 Low Temperature
		4.3 Preservation of Nanomaterials
	5. Large-Scale Production of Nanoparticles
		5.1 Manufacture Risk of Nanomaterials
		5.2 Engineered Bionanomaterials
	6. Challenges
	7. Future Perspective of Green Nanomaterials
	8. Conclusion
	References
7. Green Synthesis of Metal Oxide-Based Electrode Materials for Supercapacitor Electrode
	1. Introduction
	2. Green Synthesizing Method
	3. Green Synthesis of Metal Oxide-Based Electrode Materials for Supercapacitor Electrode
	4. Conclusion
	References
8. Green Synthesis of MOF for Supercapacitor Electrode
	1. Introduction
	2. Metal-Organic Frameworks
		2.1 Physical and Chemical Properties
		2.2 High Surface Area and Porosity
		2.3 Applications
	3. Various Synthesis Methods of MOFs
		3.1 Diffusion Method
		3.2 Hydro (Solvo) Thermal Method
		3.3 Microwave Method
		3.4 Electrochemical Method
		3.5 Mechanochemical Method
		3.6 Sonochemistry Method
	4. Green Synthesis of MOFs
		4.1 Significations of Green Synthesis
		4.2 Green Synthesised MOFs and MOF Composites
	5. Supercapacitor
		5.1 Types of Supercapacitors
		5.2 Electrochemical Double-Layer Capacitors
		5.3 Pseudocapacitors
		5.4 Hybrid Capacitors
		5.5 Applications of Supercapacitors
	6. MOFs-Based Electrode Materials
	7. Conclusions and Recommendations
	References
9. Electrodes Preparation From Biomass
	1. Introduction
	2. Materials for Electrodes
	3. Biomass Composition
	4. Carbon Preparation From Biomass
	5. Carbon Activation
		5.1 Physical or Thermal Activation
		5.2 Chemical Activation
		5.3 Self-Activation
		5.4 Hard Templating/Nanocasting
		5.5 Pyrolysis
		5.6 Hydrothermal Carbonization
		5.7 Torrefaction
		5.8 Flash Carbonization
		5.9 Chemical Exfoliation
		5.10 Chemical Vapor Deposition
	6. Methods for Studying the Performance of Activated Carbons as Electrodes
	7. Parameters for Evaluating the Efficiency of Electrodes
	8. Activated Carbon Modifications
	9. Biomass Sources
	10. Use of Biomass for Various Electrochemical Devices
	11. Conclusion
	References
10. Renewable Electrodes Incorporated with Green Synthesis Nanoparticles for the Development of High-Performance Lithium-Ion Batteries
	1. Introduction
		1.1 Lithium-Ion Batteries
		1.2 Renewable Electrode
		1.3 Nanoparticle for Energy Storage
	2. Green Synthesis of Nanoparticles for the Development of Lithium-Ion Battery
		2.1 Characterization of Nanoparticles
	3. Renewable Electrodes for Sustainable Environment
		3.1 Production of Renewable Electrodes
	4. Conclusion
	References
11. Recent Advances and Outlook on Green Synthesis and Applications of ZnO Nanoparticles
	1. Introduction
	2. Biogenic Synthesis of ZnO NPs
	3. Some of these Works are Discussed in Detail Below
	4. Application of the Green Synthesized ZnO NPs in Wastewater Treatment
	5. Wastewater Treatment by Degrading Various Pollutants
	6. Some of These Works Are Discussed in Detail Below
	7. Conclusion
	Future Prospective
	Author Contributions
	Data Availability
	List of Abbreviations
	References
12. Synthesis of Reusable Magnetic Nanomaterials Through Green Methods and Its Applications
	1. Introduction
	2. Different Green Synthesis Approaches for Iron-Oxide Nanoparticles
		2.1 Using Plant Extracts
		2.2 Biosynthesis of Iron-oxide NPs Using Fungi
		2.3 Biosynthesis of Iron-Oxide NPs Using Algae
		2.4 Biosynthesis of Iron-Oxide NPs Using Bacteria
	3. Mechanism of Biosynthesis of Iron-oxide NPs by Plants, Algae, Fungi, and Bacteria
	4. Applications of Reusable Iron-oxide Nanomaterials
		4.1 Biomedicine
		4.2 Cancer Therapies
		4.3 Environmental Remediation
	5. Catalyst Recyclability and Stability
	6. Conclusion and Discussion
	Acknowledgment
	References
13. Green Synthesized Biocompatible Nanomaterial for Environmental Application
	1. Introduction
	2. Approaches in the Synthesis of NPs
		2.1 Top-Down Approach
		2.2 Bottom-Up Approach
	3. Methods of Nanoparticle Generation
		3.1 Physical Methods
		3.2 Chemical Methods
		3.3 Biological Methods
	4. Green Synthesis of Nanoparticles
		4.1 Bacteria-Mediated Nanoparticle Synthesis
		4.2 Fungi-Mediated Nanoparticle Synthesis
		4.3 Actinomycetes-Mediated Nanoparticle Synthesis
		4.4 Yeast-Mediated Nanoparticle Synthesis
		4.5 Algae-Mediated Nanoparticle Synthesis
		4.6 Plant-Mediated Nanoparticle Synthesis
		4.7 Enzyme-Mediated Nanoparticle Synthesis
		4.8 Vitamin-Mediated Nanoparticle Synthesis
	5. Characterization of NPs
		5.1 Spectroscopic Techniques Used for Characterization of Green-Synthesized Nanoparticles
		5.2 Microscopic Techniques Used for Characterization of Green Synthesized Nanoparticles
	6. Factors Affecting the Green Synthesis of NPs
		6.1 pH and Conductivity
		6.2 Temperature
		6.3 Pressure
		6.4 Time
	7. Stability and Reusability of Green-Synthesized Nanoparticles
	8. Environmental Remediation Applications
		8.1 Antimicrobial Activity
		8.2 Catalytic Activity
		8.3 Pollutant Dye Removal
		8.4 Heavy Metal Ion Sensing
		8.5 Wastewater Treatment
	9. Conclusion and Future Prospective
	References
Index
About the Editors