Sustainable Fisheries Management-Pacific Salmon

Introduction......Page 2
Challenges to the Sustainability of Pacific Salmon......Page 3
Introduction......Page 13
Historical Perspective......Page 14
Life History of Pacific Salmon and Steelhead Trout......Page 15
Needs of Pacific Salmon and Steelhead Trout......Page 18
Habitat Complexity......Page 19
Local Adaptation......Page 20
Evolutionary Units......Page 22
Habitat and Population Restoration......Page 23
Loss of Fish and Habitats: Are They Really Biological Problems?......Page 24
Introduction......Page 28
Pacific Coast Salmonids?Complexity and Vulnerability......Page 29
Salmonids in a Wider Complex of Inter-Connected Systems......Page 30
Effects of Local Activities on Pacific Salmon......Page 32
Effects of Regional Activities on Pacific Salmon......Page 34
Effects of Global Activities on Pacific Salmon......Page 37
Salmonid Losses in the Pacific Northwest......Page 41
Sustainability and Multi-Level Processes of Change......Page 42
References......Page 44
Introduction......Page 48
Conservation Definitions......Page 49
Evolution of the Conservation Perspective and Operational Objectives......Page 50
Anadromous Salmonids as Keystone or Indicator Species......Page 52
References......Page 54
Appendices......Page 55
A Historical Perspective on Fisheries Management in Alaska......Page 60
Elements of Alaska’s Approach to Sustainable Fisheries......Page 61
Alaska’s Leadership in Fisheries Management......Page 62
Acknowledgments......Page 63
Introduction......Page 64
Habitat Legislation......Page 65
Commercial Fleet Reduction......Page 66
Selective Mark Fisheries......Page 67
Salmon Farming......Page 68
Public Policy Summary......Page 69
Management Policy Summary......Page 70
Introduction......Page 72
The Salmon Resource and Its Management......Page 75
The Traditional Aboriginal Fishery......Page 76
Economic Efficiency......Page 79
Distributional Effects......Page 82
Review of Existing Broadscale Reports of Stock Status......Page 90
Lessons Learned from Broadscale Reviews......Page 92
Myriad Factors Affecting Stocks......Page 93
Need for Increased Communication with Public......Page 94
Closing Note......Page 95
References......Page 96
Introduction......Page 98
Odd-year Pink Salmon......Page 99
Assessment of Extinction Risk......Page 101
Even-year Pink Salmon......Page 102
Odd-year Pink Salmon......Page 103
Acknowledgments......Page 104
References......Page 105
Introduction......Page 106
Proposed Coho Salmon ESUs......Page 107
Assessment of Extinction Risk......Page 109
Proposed Listing Status......Page 110
References......Page 113
Introduction......Page 114
Coastal Steelhead ESUs......Page 115
Inland Steelhead ESUs......Page 124
Conclusions......Page 125
References......Page 126
Introduction......Page 128
Study Area......Page 129
Methods......Page 130
Known Status and Distribution......Page 132
Predictive Models......Page 133
Steelhead......Page 138
Chinook Salmon......Page 141
Factors Influencing Status......Page 146
Emphasis Areas......Page 148
Implications for Sustainable Fisheries......Page 150
References......Page 151
Introduction......Page 156
Data Sources and Data Limitations......Page 157
Definitions......Page 159
Coho Salmon......Page 160
Chinook Salmon......Page 165
Sockeye Salmon......Page 167
Pink Salmon......Page 171
Chum Salmon......Page 173
Habitat Protection......Page 177
Fisheries Management......Page 178
Enhancement......Page 180
Trends of the Past......Page 181
Future of Stocks......Page 183
References......Page 184
Sustainable Fisheries Management : Pacific Salmon......Page 189
Background......Page 199
In-Season Data Collection......Page 202
In-Season Data Analysis......Page 203
Does the Process Work?......Page 204
Stock Status......Page 207
References......Page 209
The Development of Ocean Salmon Fisheries......Page 210
The Salmon Resource......Page 211
Impacts of Ocean Salmon Fisheries......Page 212
Regulation of Ocean Salmon Fisheries......Page 213
Regulation of Ocean Troll Fisheries......Page 214
Development of the Capacity to Manage Ocean Fisher.........Page 217
Impacts on the Biological Populations......Page 219
The Situation Today......Page 220
Current Approaches Supporting Ocean Fisheries Sust.........Page 221
Can Ocean Salmon Fisheries Be Successfully Managed.........Page 223
References......Page 224
Introduction......Page 227
Escapement Management......Page 230
Theoretical Weaknesses......Page 233
Escapement Management......Page 235
Estimating Annual Escapements......Page 236
Effects of Mixed Population Fisheries......Page 239
Improve Escapement Management Technology......Page 241
Ensuring Healthy Escapements......Page 244
Change Public Attitudes and Expectations......Page 247
References......Page 248
Appendix......Page 252
Introduction......Page 263
Study Area......Page 264
Fisheries......Page 265
Chinook Salmon......Page 268
Sockeye Salmon......Page 269
Pink and Chum Salmon......Page 271
Chinook Salmon......Page 272
Sockeye Salmon......Page 273
Pink and Chum Salmon......Page 275
Chinook Salmon......Page 276
Sockeye Salmon......Page 277
Discussion......Page 278
References......Page 281
Introduction......Page 286
Methods......Page 287
Current Data Collections......Page 289
Results and Discussion......Page 290
Adult Chum and Coho Salmon Returns......Page 291
Effects Upon Juvenile Salmonids......Page 296
Coho Salmon: Stream-Resident Period......Page 297
Coho Smolt Abundance......Page 300
Marine Survival of Coho Juveniles......Page 302
Steelhead and Anadromous Cutthroat Trout......Page 309
The Effects of Forest Harvesting and the Carnation.........Page 311
Summary......Page 312
References......Page 313
Introduction......Page 317
Survey Design......Page 318
Field Methods......Page 320
Estimates of Habitat Quality......Page 321
Habitat Assessment......Page 322
Fish Productivity......Page 323
Acknowledgments......Page 326
References......Page 327
Introduction......Page 329
Types of Disruption......Page 330
Vegetation Transplanting......Page 331
Channelization and Lowering of Terrestrial Habitat......Page 332
Summary and Recommendations......Page 333
References......Page 334
The Lower Fraser Valley......Page 336
Early Development of the Lower Fraser Valley......Page 337
Population Growth and Land Use in the Lower Fraser.........Page 338
Impacts on Fish Habitat......Page 339
Impacts on Lower Fraser Streams and Rivers......Page 340
The Protection of Fish Habitat......Page 343
The Future of Fish Habitat in the Lower Fraser Val.........Page 345
Recommended Action for Sustainable Urban Fish Habi.........Page 346
References......Page 347
Minimizing Ecological Impacts of Hatchery-Reared J.........Page 350
Methods......Page 351
Results......Page 355
The Hatchery Product?What Is Released......Page 358
Space?Where the Fish Are Released......Page 360
Timing?When the Fish Are Released......Page 361
Acknowledgments......Page 362
References......Page 363
Introduction......Page 366
Columbia River Salmon Fishery?Then And Now......Page 368
Enhancement Program Production Costs......Page 369
Production Costs per Harvested Fish......Page 370
Enhancement Program Economic Contributions......Page 372
Summary......Page 375
References......Page 376
Introduction......Page 378
Origin and Growth of Net-Pen Reared Salmon......Page 381
Impact on Marketing......Page 384
Economic Evaluation of Public and Private Ranching.........Page 385
Marketing Management, Economic Efficiency, and Wat.........Page 387
References......Page 389
Introduction......Page 391
Historical Setting: Run Failures One Year in Five......Page 393
Two Decades of Development......Page 394
Risks......Page 395
Reducing the Risk......Page 396
Managing Harvests of Mixed Hatchery and Wild Stock.........Page 397
Fishing Opportunity Easing Harvest Pressure on Wil.........Page 398
Straying and Genetic Risks......Page 400
Acknowledgments......Page 401
References......Page 402
Introduction......Page 406
Model Description......Page 407
Stock Reconstruction......Page 408
Fishery Modeling?First Time Step......Page 409
Stocks, Fisheries, and Time Steps......Page 411
The Management Proposal......Page 412
Comparison of Selective and Traditional Fisheries .........Page 413
Discussion......Page 414
Acknowledgments......Page 415
References......Page 416
Introduction......Page 417
Model Structure......Page 419
Parameter Estimation......Page 422
Fishing Regime Scenarios......Page 423
Results......Page 424
Discussion......Page 427
Conclusions......Page 430
References......Page 431
Introduction......Page 433
PSC Chinook Model......Page 436
Analysis......Page 440
Results......Page 441
Discussion......Page 445
References......Page 447
Introduction......Page 449
The Relation Between Anthropogenic and Natural Eff.........Page 450
Ocean/Climate Mechanisms......Page 453
Plankton Response......Page 454
Latitudinal Patterns......Page 455
Regime Shift Indicator......Page 456
Climate and the Hydrosystem......Page 457
Interaction of Processes......Page 458
Salmon Survival and Climate Patterns......Page 459
Quantifying Climate and Anthropogenic Processes......Page 461
Conclusion......Page 462
References......Page 463
Introduction......Page 467
Methods......Page 468
Discussion......Page 474
References......Page 484
Introduction......Page 486
British Columbia Sockeye Salmon Nursery Lakes......Page 488
Measurement of Productivity Variables......Page 489
Model Development......Page 490
Testing the PR Model......Page 492
PR Model Assumptions......Page 495
Predictions for B.C. Lakes......Page 498
Conclusions......Page 499
References......Page 501
Protecting and Restoring the Habitats of Anadromou.........Page 504
Description of the Lake Washington Watershed......Page 505
Anadromous Salmonids of the Lake Washington Watershed......Page 506
Life History and Status of Anadromous Species......Page 507
Impacts on Physical Habitat Quality......Page 509
Effects on Stream Biota......Page 511
Changes in Lake Washington and Lake Sammamish......Page 512
Ecologically Relevant Management Units......Page 513
Consideration of Context and Scale......Page 514
Goals and Objectives......Page 515
Adaptive Management......Page 516
Establishing Salmon Conservation Areas......Page 517
References......Page 519
Introduction......Page 524
The Philosophy of Large Woody Debris Rehabilitation......Page 525
Physical Function......Page 526
Biological Function: Salmonid Use of Natural and A.........Page 527
Site Selection, Stream Assessments, and Design of Rehabilitation Projects......Page 528
Riparian Zone Rehabilitation and Protection II......Page 530
Floodplain Rehabilitation III......Page 533
Large Woody Debris Assessment......Page 534
Hydraulic Assessment......Page 535
Design......Page 536
Conclusions......Page 537
Acknowledgments......Page 538
References......Page 539
Introduction......Page 543
Assumptions......Page 545
Biological Restoration and Enhancement Options......Page 546
Donor Stock Selection......Page 549
Reintroduction?Restoration Strategies......Page 551
Baseline Restoration Program......Page 554
Program for Compensation of Interim Losses......Page 555
Discussion......Page 557
References......Page 558
Introduction......Page 560
Methods......Page 561
Expert Field Review......Page 562
Watershed Analyses......Page 563
Literature Review......Page 564
Expert Field Review......Page 565
Instream Condition Assessment......Page 567
Headwater Condition Assessment......Page 568
Effectiveness of Existing Procedures......Page 570
Need for Additional Protection......Page 572
Conclusion......Page 574
References......Page 575
Introduction......Page 577
Background......Page 578
Watershed Analysis......Page 579
Aquatic Habitat Restoration Projects......Page 580
Watershed Analysis......Page 583
Habitat Restoration......Page 589
Monitoring and Evaluation......Page 590
References......Page 591
Introduction......Page 593
The Deer Creek Watershed?Background......Page 594
Watershed Assessment and Restoration Strategy Deve.........Page 595
Watershed Restoration Implementation......Page 597
Results and Conclusions......Page 598
References......Page 600
Introduction......Page 601
Aboriginal Peoples and Salmon......Page 602
Early Settlement and Industry......Page 603
Sawdust......Page 604
Trolling......Page 605
Harvest Management......Page 606
Habitat Management......Page 607
Integrating History into Restoration......Page 608
Reaching Consensus on Restoration......Page 609
Acknowledgments......Page 610
References......Page 611
Introduction......Page 614
Asotin Creek......Page 615
Results of the Planning Process......Page 616
Landowners......Page 617
Formation of the Landowner Steering Committee......Page 618
Public Outreach and Education......Page 619
References......Page 620
Introduction......Page 621
Historical Background......Page 622
Harvest Issues......Page 623
Role of the Spring-Run Chinook Salmon Work Group......Page 624
Watershed Conservancies......Page 625
Restoration Funding......Page 626
A Citizens’ Action Success Story......Page 627
References......Page 628
Introduction......Page 629
Ecologically Sound Harvest Policy......Page 630
Reforming Institutions to Create Incentives for Su.........Page 632
New Standards for Ecosystem Health......Page 634
New Tools for Creating Economic Incentives for Con.........Page 635
New Institutions for Protecting and Restoring Habitat......Page 636
Conclusions......Page 638
References......Page 639
Introduction......Page 641
Integrated Activities......Page 642
Improvements in Fisheries Management......Page 645
Discussion......Page 646
Acknowledgments......Page 647
References......Page 648
Introduction......Page 649
Salmon Refuges?History of an Idea......Page 650
Implementing the Salmon Refuge Concept......Page 653
Step 1?Identify and Prioritize Watersheds to be De.........Page 654
Step 3?Designate and Manage Refuges to Conserve Sa.........Page 656
Making Livingston Stone’s Dream a Reality......Page 657
References......Page 658
Articulating Our Common Vision......Page 661
Key Elements of the Sustainable Fisheries Strategy......Page 663
Summary and Conclusions......Page 674
References......Page 675
Preface......Page 679
Contributors......Page 682
Acknowledgments......Page 688
Table of Contents......Page 690