Sustainability in Biofuel Production Technology

Cover
Title Page
Copyright Page
Contents
Preface
Chapter 1 Introduction to biofuel
	1.1 Introduction
		1.1.1 Need of Emerging Technology
		1.1.2 Renewable Energy
	1.2 History of Biofuel Development
	1.3 Generation in Biofuel
	1.4 Classification of Biofuels
	1.5 Technologies Involved in Biofuel Production
	1.6 Biofuel Properties
	1.7 Socioeconomic and Environmental Impact
	1.8 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 2 Ethanol as the leading ‘first-Generation’ biofuel
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 Historical Development of Ethanol as Biofuels
		2.2.1 Feedstock Used for First-generation Bioethanol Production
	2.3 Environmental Aspects of Using Ethanol as Biofuels
		2.3.1 Adaptive Capacity
		2.3.2 Biofuel Technology
		2.3.3 Geographical Impact
		2.3.4 Technology Transfer
		2.3.5 Government Regulations
		2.3.6 Resource Mobilisation
		2.3.7 Entrepreneurship
	2.4 Cost Models of Ethanol as Biofuels
	2.5 Sustainability Aspects – Need of Alternative Biofuel
	2.6 Summary
	References
Chapter 3 Advanced biofuels – alternatives to biofuels
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Biofuels Deserve Another Look
		3.2.1 Economic Model of Biofuels
		3.2.2 Advanced Biofuels
	3.3 Global Production, Need and Demand
		3.3.1 Environmental Factor
		3.3.2 Clean Fuel
		3.3.3 Biofuel Policies
		3.3.4 National Biofuel Policy 2018
	3.4 Feedstock for Advanced Biofuels
	3.5 Advanced Biofuels for Different Applications
	3.6 Commercial Development
	3.7 Aviation Fuel and Green Diesel
	3.8 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 4 Biofuel production technologies – an overview
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Industry Challenges Associated with Biofuels
	4.3 Edible Vegetable to Non-edible/low-cost Raw Materials for Biodiesel Production
		4.3.1 Advantages of Non-edible Oil
		4.3.2 Oil Extraction Technologies
		4.3.3 Biodiesel Standards and Characterisation of Non-edible Biodiesel
		4.3.4 Technologies of Biodiesel Production from Non-edible Oil
	4.4 Development of Chemical Conversion Technologies
	4.5 Development of Thermochemical Conversion Technologies
	4.6 Development of Biological Conversion Technologies
	4.7 Development of Biochemical Conversion Technologies
	4.8 Technology Innovation in Biofuel Production
	4.9 Process Integration and Biorefinery
	4.10 Alternatives to Biofuel Production
	4.11 Technology Survey
	4.12 Key Collaborations for Biofuel Production
	4.13 Market Research on Biofuels
		4.13.1 Technology Commercialisation of Innovation in Biofuel
		4.13.2 Start-up Innovation In Biofuel Technology
	4.14 Future Trends
	4.15 Summary
	References
Chapter 5 Chemically produced biofuels
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Triglycerides – Best Participant as Fuels
		5.2.1 Base-catalysed Transesterification Process
		5.2.2 Acid-catalysed Transesterification Process
		5.2.3 Enzyme-catalysed Transesterification Process
	5.3 Biogas Using Anaerobic Digestion
	5.4 Catalytic Biofuel Production
		5.4.1 Biomass Gasification
		5.4.2 Production of Hydrogen
		5.4.3 Fischer–Tropsch Synthesis
		5.4.4 Isosynthesis
		5.4.5 Methanol To Gasoline (MTG Process)
		5.4.6 Biofuels Production
	5.5 Nanoparticles Potential in Biofuel Production
		5.5.1 Magnetic Nanoparticle
		5.5.2 Carbon Nanotubes
		5.5.3 Solid Acid Nanocatalyst
		5.5.4 Base Nanocatalysts
		5.5.5 Bi-functional Nanocatalysts
	5.6 Production Cost Analysis
	5.7 Environmental Footprints of Chemical Processes
		5.7.1 Water Pollution
		5.7.2 Air Pollution
	5.8 Future Demand and Scope
	5.9 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 6 Microalgae – biofuel production trends
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Technology for Microalgae Cultivation
		6.2.1 Autotropic/phototropic Cultivation
		6.2.2 Heterotropic Cultivation
		6.2.3 Mixotropic Cultivation
		6.2.4 Photoheterotropic Cultivation
		6.2.5 Large-scale and Lab-scale Microalgal Cultivation for Biomass Production
	6.3 Biofuels from Microalgae
		6.3.1 Pyrolysis of Microalgae to Biochar/bio-oil
		6.3.2 Biodiesel from Microalgae
		6.3.3 Bioethanol Production from Microalgae
		6.3.4 Biohydrogen and Bio-Syngas Production from Microalgae
	6.4 Role of Nanoadditives in Algae-based Biofuel Production
	6.5 Cost Analysis of Microalgae-based Biofuel Production
	6.6 Challenges and Opportunities in Microalgae-based Biofuel Production
	6.7 Summary
	References
Chapter 7 Agro-Waste-Produced biofuels
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Agricultural Waste and Residues as Valuable Materials
	7.3 Pre-treatment of Agro-waste
		7.3.1 Physical Pre-treatment
		7.3.2 Chemical Pre-treatment
		7.3.3 Physiochemical Treatment
		7.3.4 Biological Pre-treatment
	7.4 Process Technology – Agro-waste to Bioenergy
		7.4.1 Hydrolysis
		7.4.2 Anaerobic Digestion
		7.4.3 Dark Fermentation
		7.4.4 Transesterification
	7.5 Creating Wealth from The Agricultural Waste
	7.6 Economic Valuation of Agro-waste
	7.7 Impact of Agricultural Waste
	7.8 Current Challenges and Future Trends
	7.9 Summary
	References
Chapter 8 Biofuels for Aviation
	8.1 Introduction
		8.1.1 Types of Aviation Fuel
		8.1.2 Comparison of Jet and AVGAS
	8.2 Chemistry of Fuel Molecules
		8.2.1 Iso-alkane
		8.2.2 Cycloalkane
		8.2.3 Pathways for Producing Sustainable Aviation Fuel
	8.3 Alcohol to Jet (ATJ)
		8.3.1 Feedstock Used
		8.3.2 Process Analysis
		8.3.3 Economic and Life-cycle Analysis
	8.4 Oil to Jet (OTJ)
		8.4.1 Feedstock Used
		8.4.2 Process Analysis
		8.4.3 Economic and Life-cycle Analysis
	8.5 Gas to Jet (GTJ)
		8.5.1 Feedstock Used
		8.5.2 Process Analysis
		8.5.3 Economic and Life-cycle Analysis
	8.6 Sugar-to-Jet (STJ) Fuel
		8.6.1 Feedstock Used
		8.6.2 Process Analysis
		8.6.3 Economic and Life-cycle Analysis
	8.7 Overview of Blending Sustainable Aviation Fuel
	8.8 Summary
	References
Chapter 9 State of the Art Design and Fabrication of a Reactor in Biofuel Production
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 Limitation of Conventional Production Technology
	9.3 Ideal Reactors
	9.4 Reaction Designing from an Engineering Aspect
	9.5 Process Parameters in Reactor Designing
		9.5.1 Kinetics and Reaction Equilibrium
		9.5.2 Collection of Required Data
		9.5.3 Reaction Condition
	9.6 Safety Consideration of Reaction Design
	9.7 Reactors for Biodiesel Production
	9.8 Ultrasonic Biodiesel Reactors
	9.9 Supercritical Reactors
	9.10 Static Mixers as Biodiesel Reactors
	9.11 Reactive Distillation
	9.12 Capital Cost and Performance Analysis of Reactors
	9.13 Summary
	References
Chapter 10 Modelling and Simulation to Predict the Performance of the Diesel Blends
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 Cause and Effect Relationships
	10.3 Approach to Formulate
	10.4 Concept of Man–Machine System
	10.5 Formulation of the Mathematical Model
		10.5.1 Identify the Causes and Effects
		10.5.2 Perform Test Planning
		10.5.3 Physical Design of an Experimental Set-up
		10.5.4 Checking and Rejection of Test Data
		10.5.5 Formulation of the Model
	10.6 Limitations of Adopting the Experimental Database Model
	10.7 Identification of Causes and Effects of an Activity
	10.8 Dimensional Analysis
		10.8.1 Dimensional Equation
		10.8.2 Rayleigh’s Method
	10.9 Case Study on the Engine Performance by Using Alternative Fuels
	10.10 Establishment of Dimensionless Group of  Terms
		10.10.1 Creation of Field-data-based Model
		10.10.2 Model Formulation by Identifying the Curve-fitting Constant and Various Indices of  Terms
		10.10.3 Basis for Arriving at the Number of Observations
		10.10.4 Model Formulation
		10.10.5 Artificial Neural Network Simulation
		10.10.6 Sensitivity Analysis
		10.10.7 Optimisation of Models
		10.10.8 Reliability of the Models
	10.11 Summary
	References
Chapter 11 Challenges to Biofuel Development
	11.1 Introduction
	11.2 Key Issues and Challenges in Biofuel Production Pathways
		11.2.1 Production from Biomass
		11.2.2 Transportation of Goods
		11.2.3 Economic Effects
		11.2.4 Switching to Biofuels
		11.2.5 Environmental Effects
	11.3
	11.4 Biofuel Blends and Future Trends
	11.5 Environmental Effects of Biofuels
		11.5.1 Biofuel Impact on Food Security
		11.5.2 Bioenergy Effect on Water (Quantity and Quality)
		11.5.3 Emissions of Greenhouse Gases
		11.5.4 Effect of Biofuel on Biodiversity
	11.6 Economic Impact of Biofuels
		11.6.1 Jobs in the Field of Biofuel
		11.6.2 Bioethanol
		11.6.3 Biodiesel
		11.6.4 Biohydrogen
		11.6.5 Biogas
	11.7 Biorefineries
	11.8 Summary
	References
Chapter 12 Greener Catalytic Processes in Biofuel Production
	12.1 Introduction
	12.2 Sustainable Catalysts
		12.2.1 Chemical Catalyst
		12.2.2 Industrial Wastes
		12.2.3 Biological Catalysts
	12.3 Summary
	References
Chapter 13 Life Cycle Assessment
	13.1 Introduction
	13.2 Life Cycle Assessment of Biomass
	13.3 Feedstock Used
	13.4 Purpose of Life Cycle Impact Assessment
	13.5 Life Cycle for Fossil Fuels
	13.6 Ethanol Life Cycle
	13.7 Life Cycle Analysis
	13.8 ISO Life Cycle Assessment Standards
		13.8.1 ISO 14040
		13.8.2 ISO 14067
		13.8.3 ISO 13065
	13.9 Life Cycle Assessment Benefits
	13.10 Role of LCA in Public Policies/Regulations
	13.11 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 14 Socioeconomic Impact of Biofuel
	14.1 Introduction
	14.2 Employment Opportunities in Biofuel Production Industries
	14.3 Socioeconomic and Environmental Impact
	14.4 Biodiesel Industries
	14.5 Export and Import of Biodiesel
	14.6 Production of Biodiesel
	14.7 Economic Impact of Biofuels
	14.8 The Development of Renewable Energy Based on Income
	14.9 The Development of Renewable Energy Based on Carbon Emission
	14.10 Biofuel Impact on the Society
	14.11 Barriers in the Production of Biofuels
	14.12 Biofuel Desire to Improve the Balance of Trade
	14.13 Conclusion
	References
Index
EULA