Student and Skilled Labour Mobility in the Asia Pacific Region: Reflecting the Emerging Fourth Industrial Revolution

Contents
Notes on Contributors
List of Figures
List of Tables
Introduction
	References
Chapter 1: Reassessing the Nature and Dynamics of Student Mobility Within Asia Pacific Higher Education
	Introduction
	Some Predominant Push/Pull Factors
		Quality
		Demographics and Capacity
		Targeted Government-Initiated Pull Factors
	Part II: Confounding Factors
		Nationalism Versus Globalization and the “New” Information Revolution
		The Return of Exclusionary Nationalism
		AI and Work 4.0
		So What? Where Does This Take Us?
	Conclusion
	References
Part I: The Fourth Industrial Revolution
	Chapter 2: The Changing Roles of University Education in the Age of Innovation: Implications from China and Japan
		Introduction
		Background
		Policy Frameworks in Response to the 4th IR in China and Japan
			China
			Japan
		Responses of Higher Education Toward New Demands in the Context of the 4th IR: Cases of China and Japan
			China
			Japan
		Global Scenarios of University Education: Implications from the Two Case Countries
		Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 3: The Impact and Implications of the 4th Industrial Revolution on Student Mobility in Asia Pacific Region
		Introduction
		The 4th Industrial Revolution Policy in Asia Pacific
		Student Mobility Examined at Three Levels
			Multilateral Mobility
			National Mobility
			Student Mobility as an Institutional Practice
		Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 4: Education Economics of Student Mobility in Asia-Pacific and the Fourth Industrial Revolution
		Introduction
		Literature Review: Impacts Brought About by the Fourth Industrial Revolution
			The Increase of Global Knowledge Stock and its Obsolescence
		Enhancing Global Connectivity Without Physical Movement
		Increasing Inequality
		Economic Model of Studying Abroad
			Costs and Utilities
			Implications
		Impact of the Fourth Industrial Revolution on Student Mobility in Asia-Pacific
		Possible Changes in Demands for Studying Abroad
		Chances and Risks for Higher Education Institutions in Asia-Pacific
		Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 5: Linking Higher Education to Patterns of Job Mobility and Emergent Technological Change
		Introduction
		New Types of Practical Learning Opportunities Within the Changing Environment
		Pedagogy and Teaching Methods Influenced by 4IR
		Varied Aspects of Organizational Behavior of Universities
		Internationalization and Cross-border Education
		Adaptive Design of Curriculum for 4IR and Lifelong Learning
		Private Sector Engagement with HE Processes as Affected by the Dynamics of 4.0
		Conclusion
		References
Part II: Direct Impacts of the 4th Industrial Revolution on Higher Education as a Social Enterprise
	Chapter 6: Reassessing the Overall Trends of the Push and Pull Factors in Student Mobility Under the Work 4.0 Framework
		Introduction
		Transformations in Student Mobility Trends
		Push and Pull Factors in Student Mobility
		Analysis of Push and Pull Factors in Student Mobility Toward Work 4.0 Era
		Scenarios for Student Mobility Under the Work 4.0
		References
	Chapter 7: Changing Dynamics Occurring Within Asia Pacific Student Mobility
		Introduction
		Organizational Behavior of Universities and International Student Mobility
		Trends of Organizational Structures of International Student Mobility in Asia
			English as a Medium of Instruction
			Dual and Joint Degree Programs
			Consortia and University Networks
			The Competitive-Cooperative Agenda
		Implications for Work 4.0
		Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 8: Higher Education Trends in Transforming the Teaching Experience
		Trends in Higher Education Pedagogies Related to the Fourth Industrial Revolution
			The Fourth Industrial Revolution
			Definition of Pedagogy
			Pedagogical Trends Related to the Fourth Industrial Revolution
				Trend #1: Changes in the Purpose of Teaching
				Trend #2: Changes in Teaching Settings and Methods
				Trend #3 Changes in the Teaching of Content
				Trend #4 Changes in Assessment and Feedback
				Trend #5 Changes in the Role of Teachers
		New Modalities of Distance Education
			Massive Open Online Courses
				Mobile Learning
		Trends in Non-formal Education Related to the Fourth Industry Revolution
		Trends in Collaborative Teaching Initiatives
		Interdisciplinary Teaching Trends
		Role New Devices/Technology Play Out of AI-Influenced Work 4.0 Dynamics
		The Role of AI in Teaching and Learning
			Personalized Learning and Tutoring Support
			Voice-Assistant Technology
			The Automation of Non-teaching Tasks
		The Role of AI in Research and Innovation
		The Role of AI in Social Services and Development
		Role of Professional Development Centers in Transforming the Teacher Experience
		Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 9: The Global Market for Digital Educational Content and its Impact on Institutional Strategy, Program Design and Teaching Practice
		Introduction
		The Demand Side: Digital Transformation of Higher Education
			Evolution of Educational Technology
			Evolution of Educational Content
		Discoverability and the Evolution of Educational Platforms
		The Supply Side: Commercial Viability of Digital Content
			Student-Licensed Content
			University-Licensed Content
			Free Content
			Implications for Institutions, Program Design and Teaching Practice
		References
Part III: Transformative Impacts of the 4th Industrial Revolution on Student Mobility in the Asia Pacific Region
	Chapter 10: Changing Certification Modalities: The Tokyo Convention and Its Impacts
		Cross-Border Mobility and Foreign Credential Evaluation
		Drivers of FCE: ENIC-NARIC Network and FCE Service Providers
		FCE in Asia: The Case of Japan
		Tokyo Convention and Its Impact
		Basic Principles and “Substantial Differences”
		Recognition of Qualifications Obtained Through Non-traditional Modes, Partial Studies and Qualifications Held by Refugees
		Implications of the Tokyo Convention: A New Modality of Credential Evaluation
		Digitization of Credentials: The Groningen Declaration
		Conclusion: Opportunities and Challenges in Asia and the Pacific
		References
	Chapter 11: Conclusion
		Five Propositions
		References
Index