Starting out with Python®

Starting Out with Python®......Page 3
Starting Out with Python®......Page 4
Contents in a Glance......Page 9
Contents......Page 11
Location of Videonotes in the Text......Page 19
Preface......Page 22
 Changes in the Fourth Edition......Page 23
 Brief Overview of Each Chapter......Page 24
 Organization of the Text......Page 39
 Features of the Text......Page 40
 Supplements......Page 42
 Reviewers of Previous Editions......Page 44
 About the Author......Page 48
 Topics......Page 50
 1.1 Introduction......Page 51
  Hardware......Page 54
  The CPU......Page 56
  Main Memory......Page 58
  Secondary Storage Devices......Page 59
  Output Devices......Page 61
  System Software......Page 62
   Checkpoint......Page 63
 1.3 How Computers Store Data......Page 65
  Storing Numbers......Page 66
  Storing Characters......Page 70
  Advanced Number Storage......Page 72
  Other Types of Data......Page 73
   Checkpoint......Page 74
 1.4 How a Program Works......Page 75
  From Machine Language to Assembly Language......Page 80
  High-Level Languages......Page 82
  Key Words, Operators, and Syntax: An Overview......Page 85
  Compilers and Interpreters......Page 87
   Checkpoint......Page 90
  Installing Python......Page 92
  Interactive Mode......Page 93
  Writing Python Programs and Running Them in Script Mode......Page 97
  The IDLE Programming Environment......Page 99
  Multiple Choice......Page 102
  True or False......Page 108
  Exercises......Page 109
 Topics......Page 113
  The Program Development Cycle......Page 114
  More About the Design Process......Page 116
  Understand the Task That the Program Is to Perform......Page 117
  Determine the Steps That Must Be Taken to Perform the Task......Page 119
  Pseudocode......Page 120
  Flowcharts......Page 121
   Checkpoint......Page 123
 2.2 Input, Processing, and Output......Page 124
 2.3 Displaying Output with the print Function......Page 126
  Strings and String Literals......Page 128
   Checkpoint......Page 132
 2.4 Comments......Page 133
 2.5 Variables......Page 136
  Creating Variables with Assignment Statements......Page 137
  Variable Naming Rules......Page 143
  Displaying Multiple Items with the print Function......Page 146
  Variable Reassignment......Page 148
  Numeric Data Types and Literals......Page 149
  Storing Strings with the str Data Type......Page 153
  Reassigning a Variable to a Different Type......Page 154
   Checkpoint......Page 155
 2.6 Reading Input from the Keyboard......Page 158
  Reading Numbers with the input Function......Page 162
   Checkpoint......Page 167
 2.7 Performing Calculations......Page 168
  Floating-Point and Integer Division......Page 174
  Operator Precedence......Page 175
  Grouping with Parentheses......Page 178
  The Exponent Operator......Page 182
  The Remainder Operator......Page 183
  Converting Math Formulas to Programming Statements......Page 186
  Mixed-Type Expressions and Data Type Conversion......Page 190
  Breaking Long Statements into Multiple Lines......Page 193
   Checkpoint......Page 195
  Suppressing the print Function’s Ending Newline......Page 197
  Specifying an Item Separator......Page 199
  Escape Characters......Page 200
  Displaying Multiple Items with the + Operator......Page 204
  Formatting Numbers......Page 205
  Formatting in Scientific Notation......Page 208
  Inserting Comma Separators......Page 209
  Specifying a Minimum Field Width......Page 210
  Formatting a Floating-Point Number as a Percentage......Page 213
  Formatting Integers......Page 214
   Checkpoint......Page 215
 2.9 Named Constants......Page 217
  Checkpoint......Page 220
 2.10 Introduction to Turtle Graphics......Page 221
  Drawing Lines with the Turtle......Page 223
  Turning the Turtle......Page 225
  Setting the Turtle’s Heading to a Specific Angle......Page 230
  Moving the Pen Up and Down......Page 232
  Drawing Circles and Dots......Page 234
  Changing the Drawing Color......Page 237
  Changing the Background Color......Page 238
  Specifying the Size of the Graphics Window......Page 239
  Moving the Turtle to a Specific Location......Page 240
  Getting the Turtle’s Current Position......Page 243
  Controlling the Turtle’s Animation Speed......Page 244
  Hiding the Turtle......Page 245
  Displaying Text in the Graphics Window......Page 246
  Filling Shapes......Page 248
  Using turtle.done() to Keep the Graphics Window Open......Page 252
   Checkpoint......Page 269
  Multiple Choice......Page 271
  True or False......Page 276
  Algorithm Workbench......Page 277
 Programming Exercises......Page 281
 Topics......Page 290
 3.1 The if Statement......Page 291
  Boolean Expressions and Relational Operators......Page 295
   The >= and <= Operators......Page 300
   The == Operator......Page 301
  Putting It All Together......Page 302
   Checkpoint......Page 308
 3.2 The if-else Statement......Page 309
  Indentation in the if-else Statement......Page 312
   Checkpoint......Page 316
 3.3 Comparing Strings......Page 317
  Other String Comparisons......Page 320
   Checkpoint......Page 325
 3.4 Nested Decision Structures and the if-elif-else Statement......Page 326
  Testing a Series of Conditions......Page 334
  The if-elif-else Statement......Page 339
   Checkpoint......Page 342
 3.5 Logical Operators......Page 343
  The and Operator......Page 344
  The or Operator......Page 346
  Short-Circuit Evaluation......Page 347
  The not Operator......Page 348
  The Loan Qualifier Program Revisited......Page 349
  Yet Another Loan Qualifier Program......Page 352
  Checking Numeric Ranges with Logical Operators......Page 354
   Checkpoint......Page 356
 3.6 Boolean Variables......Page 358
  Checkpoint......Page 360
  Determining the Turtle’s Location......Page 361
  Determining the Turtle’s Heading......Page 362
  Determining Whether the Pen Is Down......Page 363
  Determining Whether the Turtle Is Visible......Page 364
  Determining the Current Colors......Page 365
  Determining the Turtle’s Animation Speed......Page 367
   Checkpoint......Page 379
  Multiple Choice......Page 380
  True or False......Page 383
  Algorithm Workbench......Page 384
 Programming Exercises......Page 387
 Topics......Page 400
 4.1 Introduction to Repetition Structures......Page 401
  Condition-Controlled and Count-Controlled Loops......Page 403
   Checkpoint......Page 404
 4.2 The while Loop: A Condition-Controlled Loop......Page 405
  The while Loop Is a Pretest Loop......Page 413
  Infinite Loops......Page 417
   Checkpoint......Page 419
 4.3 The for Loop: A Count-Controlled Loop......Page 420
  Using the range Function with the for Loop......Page 425
  Using the Target Variable Inside the Loop......Page 429
  Letting the User Control the Loop Iterations......Page 437
  Generating an Iterable Sequence that Ranges from Highest to Lowest......Page 440
   Checkpoint......Page 441
 4.4 Calculating a Running Total......Page 443
  The Augmented Assignment Operators......Page 447
   Checkpoint......Page 450
 4.5 Sentinels......Page 452
  Checkpoint......Page 456
 4.6 Input Validation Loops......Page 457
  Checkpoint......Page 466
 4.7 Nested Loops......Page 468
 4.8 Turtle Graphics: Using Loops to Draw Designs......Page 483
  Multiple Choice......Page 490
  True or False......Page 493
  Algorithm Workbench......Page 494
 Programming Exercises......Page 496
 Topics......Page 504
 5.1 Introduction to Functions......Page 505
   Code Reuse......Page 508
   Easier Facilitation of Teamwork......Page 509
   Checkpoint......Page 510
  Function Names......Page 512
  Defining and Calling a Function......Page 513
   Calling a Function......Page 515
  Indentation in Python......Page 522
   Checkpoint......Page 523
  Flowcharting a Program with Functions......Page 524
  Top-Down Design......Page 526
  Hierarchy Charts......Page 527
  Pausing Execution Until the User Presses Enter......Page 534
 5.4 Local Variables......Page 535
  Scope and Local Variables......Page 536
   Checkpoint......Page 540
 5.5 Passing Arguments to Functions......Page 541
  Parameter Variable Scope......Page 545
  Passing Multiple Arguments......Page 549
  Making Changes to Parameters......Page 553
  Keyword Arguments......Page 556
    Checkpoint......Page 560
 5.6 Global Variables and Global Constants......Page 562
  Global Constants......Page 565
   Checkpoint......Page 569
 5.7 Introduction to Value-Returning Functions: Generating Random Numbers......Page 570
  Standard Library Functions and the import Statement......Page 571
  Generating Random Numbers......Page 573
  Experimenting with Random Numbers in Interactive Mode......Page 580
  The randrange, random, and uniform Functions......Page 587
  Random Number Seeds......Page 589
   Checkpoint......Page 592
 5.8 Writing Your Own Value-Returning Functions......Page 594
  Making the Most of the return Statement......Page 598
  How to Use Value-Returning Functions......Page 599
  Using IPO Charts......Page 603
  Returning Boolean Values......Page 614
   Using Boolean Functions in Validation Code......Page 617
  Returning Multiple Values......Page 619
   Checkpoint......Page 620
 5.9 The math Module......Page 622
  The math.pi and math.e Values......Page 626
   Checkpoint......Page 627
 5.10 Storing Functions in Modules......Page 628
  Menu-Driven Programs......Page 637
 5.11 Turtle Graphics: Modularizing Code with Functions......Page 638
  Storing Your Graphics Functions in a Module......Page 646
  Multiple Choice......Page 650
  True or False......Page 655
  Short Answer......Page 656
  Algorithm Workbench......Page 657
 Programming Exercises......Page 660
 Topics......Page 675
 6.1 Introduction to File Input and Output......Page 676
  Types of Files......Page 680
  Filenames and File Objects......Page 681
  Opening a File......Page 683
  Specifying the Location of a File......Page 686
  Writing Data to a File......Page 687
  Reading Data From a File......Page 691
  Concatenating a Newline to a String......Page 697
  Reading a String and Stripping the Newline from It......Page 700
  Appending Data to an Existing File......Page 703
  Writing and Reading Numeric Data......Page 704
   Checkpoint......Page 711
 6.2 Using Loops to Process Files......Page 712
  Reading a File with a Loop and Detecting the End of the File......Page 714
  Using Python’s for Loop to Read Lines......Page 719
   Checkpoint......Page 727
 6.3 Processing Records......Page 728
  Checkpoint......Page 752
 6.4 Exceptions......Page 754
  Handling Multiple Exceptions......Page 767
  Using One except Clause to Catch All Exceptions......Page 770
  Displaying an Exception’s Default Error Message......Page 772
  The else Clause......Page 775
  The finally Clause......Page 778
  What If an Exception Is Not Handled?......Page 779
   Checkpoint......Page 780
  Multiple Choice......Page 781
  Short Answer......Page 785
  Algorithm Workbench......Page 786
 Programming Exercises......Page 789
 Topics......Page 794
 7.1 Sequences......Page 795
 7.2 Introduction to Lists......Page 796
  The Repetition Operator......Page 799
  Iterating over a List with the for Loop......Page 801
  Indexing......Page 802
  The len Function......Page 804
  Lists Are Mutable......Page 805
  Concatenating Lists......Page 810
   Checkpoint......Page 812
 7.3 List Slicing......Page 814
  Checkpoint......Page 820
 7.4 Finding Items in Lists with the in Operator......Page 822
  Checkpoint......Page 824
 7.5 List Methods and Useful Built-in Functions......Page 826
  The del Statement......Page 837
  The min and max Functions......Page 838
   Checkpoint......Page 839
 7.6 Copying Lists......Page 841
 7.7 Processing Lists......Page 845
  Totaling the Values in a List......Page 849
  Averaging the Values in a List......Page 850
  Passing a List as an Argument to a Function......Page 851
  Returning a List from a Function......Page 853
  Working with Lists and Files......Page 861
 7.8 Two-Dimensional Lists......Page 869
  Checkpoint......Page 876
 7.9 Tuples......Page 878
  Converting Between Lists and Tuples......Page 881
   Checkpoint......Page 883
 7.10 Plotting List Data with the matplotlib Package......Page 884
  Importing the pyplot Module......Page 885
  Plotting a Line Graph......Page 887
   Adding a Title, Axis Labels, and a Grid......Page 890
   Customizing the X and Y Axes......Page 891
   Displaying Markers at the Data Points......Page 900
  Plotting a Bar Chart......Page 903
   Customizing the Bar Width......Page 906
   Changing the Colors of the Bars......Page 907
   Adding a Title, Axis Labels, and Customizing the Tick Mark Labels......Page 908
  Plotting a Pie Chart......Page 911
   Displaying Slice Labels and a Chart Title......Page 914
   Changing the Colors of the Slices......Page 916
    Checkpoint......Page 917
  Multiple Choice......Page 918
  Short Answer......Page 922
  Algorithm Workbench......Page 924
 Programming Exercises......Page 926
 Topics......Page 935
 8.1 Basic String Operations......Page 936
   Iterating over a String with the for Loop......Page 937
   Indexing......Page 942
   IndexError Exceptions......Page 944
   The len Function......Page 945
  String Concatenation......Page 946
  Strings Are Immutable......Page 949
   Checkpoint......Page 951
 8.2 String Slicing......Page 952
  Checkpoint......Page 961
  Testing Strings with in and not in......Page 962
  String Methods......Page 964
   String Testing Methods......Page 965
   Modification Methods......Page 969
   Searching and Replacing......Page 972
  The Repetition Operator......Page 982
  Splitting a String......Page 984
   Checkpoint......Page 988
  Multiple Choice......Page 990
  Short Answer......Page 993
  Algorithm Workbench......Page 994
 Programming Exercises......Page 996
 Topics......Page 1005
 9.1 Dictionaries......Page 1006
  Creating a Dictionary......Page 1008
  Retrieving a Value from a Dictionary......Page 1009
  Using the in and not in Operators to Test for a Value in a Dictionary......Page 1012
  Adding Elements to an Existing Dictionary......Page 1013
  Deleting Elements......Page 1015
  Getting the Number of Elements in a Dictionary......Page 1017
  Mixing Data Types in a Dictionary......Page 1018
  Creating an Empty Dictionary......Page 1022
  Using the for Loop to Iterate over a Dictionary......Page 1023
  Some Dictionary Methods......Page 1025
   The clear Method......Page 1026
   The get Method......Page 1027
   The items Method......Page 1028
   The keys Method......Page 1030
   The pop Method......Page 1032
   The popitem Method......Page 1034
   The values Method......Page 1036
    Checkpoint......Page 1057
 9.2 Sets......Page 1059
  Creating a Set......Page 1060
  Adding and Removing Elements......Page 1063
  Using the for Loop to Iterate over a Set......Page 1068
  Using the in and not in Operators to Test for a Value in a Set......Page 1069
  Finding the Union of Sets......Page 1070
  Finding the Intersection of Sets......Page 1072
  Finding the Difference of Sets......Page 1075
  Finding the Symmetric Difference of Sets......Page 1076
  Finding Subsets and Supersets......Page 1078
   Checkpoint......Page 1085
 9.3 Serializing Objects......Page 1089
  Checkpoint......Page 1101
  Multiple Choice......Page 1102
  True or False......Page 1106
  Short Answer......Page 1107
  Algorithm Workbench......Page 1111
 Programming Exercises......Page 1114
 Topics......Page 1122
 10.1 Procedural and Object-Oriented Programming......Page 1123
  An Everyday Example of an Object......Page 1127
   Checkpoint......Page 1129
 10.2 Classes......Page 1131
  Class Definitions......Page 1134
  Hiding Attributes......Page 1146
  Storing Classes in Modules......Page 1151
  The BankAccount Class......Page 1155
  The _ _str_ _ Method......Page 1161
   Checkpoint......Page 1166
 10.3 Working with Instances......Page 1168
  Accessor and Mutator Methods......Page 1177
  Passing Objects as Arguments......Page 1183
   Checkpoint......Page 1212
  The Unified Modeling Language......Page 1213
  Finding the Classes in a Problem......Page 1214
   Writing a Description of the Problem Domain......Page 1215
   Identify All of the Nouns......Page 1216
   Refining the List of Nouns......Page 1218
  Identifying a Class’s Responsibilities......Page 1226
   The Customer Class......Page 1227
   The Car Class......Page 1230
   The ServiceQuote Class......Page 1232
   Checkpoint......Page 1235
  Multiple Choice......Page 1236
  True or False......Page 1239
  Short Answer......Page 1240
  Algorithm Workbench......Page 1241
 Programming Exercises......Page 1242
 Topics......Page 1250
  Generalization and Specialization......Page 1251
  Inheritance and the “Is a” Relationship......Page 1252
  Inheritance in UML Diagrams......Page 1269
   Checkpoint......Page 1279
 11.2 Polymorphism......Page 1280
  The isinstance Function......Page 1286
   Checkpoint......Page 1292
  Multiple Choice......Page 1294
  True or False......Page 1295
  Algorithm Workbench......Page 1296
 Programming Exercises......Page 1298
 Topics......Page 1301
 12.1 Introduction to Recursion......Page 1302
 12.2 Problem Solving with Recursion......Page 1308
  Using Recursion to Calculate the Factorial of a Number......Page 1309
  Direct and Indirect Recursion......Page 1315
   Checkpoint......Page 1316
  Summing a Range of List Elements with Recursion......Page 1317
  The Fibonacci Series......Page 1320
  Finding the Greatest Common Divisor......Page 1323
  The Towers of Hanoi......Page 1324
  Recursion versus Looping......Page 1332
  Multiple Choice......Page 1333
  Short Answer......Page 1336
  Algorithm Workbench......Page 1337
 Programming Exercises......Page 1339
 Topics......Page 1342
 13.1 Graphical User Interfaces......Page 1343
  GUI Programs Are Event-Driven......Page 1346
   Checkpoint......Page 1347
 13.2 Using the tkinter Module......Page 1348
  Checkpoint......Page 1353
 13.3 Display Text with Label Widgets......Page 1354
  Checkpoint......Page 1360
 13.4 Organizing Widgets with Frames......Page 1361
 13.5 Button Widgets and Info Dialog Boxes......Page 1366
  Creating a Quit Button......Page 1370
 13.6 Getting Input with the Entry Widget......Page 1374
 13.7 Using Labels as Output Fields......Page 1380
  Checkpoint......Page 1394
  Radio Buttons......Page 1395
  Check Buttons......Page 1402
   Checkpoint......Page 1407
  The Canvas Widget’s Screen Coordinate System......Page 1408
  Drawing Lines: The create_line Method......Page 1413
  Drawing Rectangles: The create_rectangle Method......Page 1417
  Drawing Ovals: The create_oval Method......Page 1421
  Drawing Arcs: The create_arc Method......Page 1425
  Drawing Polygons: The create_polygon Method......Page 1434
  Drawing Text: The create_text Method......Page 1438
   Setting the Font......Page 1443
    Checkpoint......Page 1447
  Multiple Choice......Page 1448
  True or False......Page 1452
  Short Answer......Page 1453
  Algorithm Workbench......Page 1454
 Programming Exercises......Page 1456
 Downloading Python......Page 1461
 Installing Python 3.x For Windows......Page 1462
Appendix B Introduction to IDLE......Page 1464
 Starting IDLE and Using the Python Shell......Page 1466
 Writing a Python Program in the IDLE Editor......Page 1469
 Color Coding......Page 1471
 Automatic Indentation......Page 1472
 Saving a Program......Page 1474
 Running a Program......Page 1475
 Other Resources......Page 1478
Appendix C The ASCII Character Set......Page 1479
Appendix D Predefined Named Colors......Page 1481
Appendix E More About the import Statement......Page 1491
 Importing a Specific Function or Class......Page 1493
 Wildcard Imports......Page 1495
 Using an Alias......Page 1497
Appendix F Installing Modules with the pip Utility......Page 1500
Appendix G Answers to Checkpoints......Page 1503
Index......Page 1541
 Symbols......Page 1542
 A......Page 1545
 B......Page 1548
 C......Page 1550
 D......Page 1556
 E......Page 1560
 F......Page 1563
 G......Page 1568
 H......Page 1570
 I......Page 1571
 J......Page 1576
 K......Page 1577
 L......Page 1578
 M......Page 1582
 N......Page 1585
 O......Page 1587
 P......Page 1590
 Q......Page 1603
 R......Page 1604
 S......Page 1610
 T......Page 1617
 U......Page 1622
 V......Page 1623
 W......Page 1625
 Z......Page 1627
Credits......Page 1628