Spatial Augmented Reality: Merging Real and Virtual Worlds

Contents......Page 8
Preface......Page 12
1.1 What is Augmented Reality......Page 16
1.2 Today\'s Challenges......Page 19
1.3 Spatial Augmented Reality......Page 22
1.4 Outline of the Book......Page 23
2. Fundamentals: From Photons to Pixels......Page 28
2.1 Light in a Nutshell......Page 29
2.2 Geometric Optics......Page 32
2.3 Visual Depth Perception......Page 45
2.4 Rendering Pipelines......Page 59
2.5 Summary and Discussion......Page 81
3. Augmented Reality Displays......Page 86
3.1 Head-Attached Displays......Page 87
3.2 Hand-Held Displays......Page 94
3.3 Spatial Displays......Page 98
3.4 Summary and Discussion......Page 105
4.1 Geometric Model......Page 108
4.2 Rendering Framework......Page 113
4.3 Calibration Goals......Page 119
4.5 Summary and Discussion......Page 123
5.1 Planar Displays......Page 126
5.2 Non-Planar Display......Page 141
5.3 Projector Overlap Intensity Blending......Page 144
5.4 Quadric Curved Displays......Page 148
5.5 Illuminating Objects......Page 157
5.6 Summary and Discussion......Page 162
6. Generating Optical Overlays......Page 164
6.1 Transparent Screens......Page 165
6.3 Planar Mirror Beam Combiners......Page 167
6.4 Screen Transformation and Curved Screens......Page 178
6.6 Multi-Plane Beam Combiners......Page 181
6.7 Curved Mirror Beam Combiners......Page 189
6.8 Summary and Discussion......Page 221
7. Projector-Based Illumination and Augmentation......Page 228
7.1 Image-Based Illumination: Changing Surface Appearance......Page 229
7.2 Creating Consistent Occlusion......Page 235
7.3 Creating Consistent Illumination......Page 242
7.4 Augmenting Optical Holograms......Page 259
7.5 Augmenting Flat and Textured Surfaces......Page 270
7.6 Augmenting Geometrically Non-Trivial Textured Surfaces......Page 282
7.7 Summary and Discussion......Page 291
8. Examples of Spatial AR Displays......Page 294
8.1 Shader Lamps......Page 295
8.2 Being There......Page 301
8.3 iLamps: Mobile Projectors......Page 303
8.4 The Extended Virtual Table......Page 306
8.5 The Virtual Showcase......Page 312
8.6 The HoloStation......Page 317
8.7 Augmented Paintings......Page 323
8.8 Smart Projectors......Page 329
8.9 Summary and Discussion......Page 335
9.1 Displays......Page 336
9.2 Supporting Elements......Page 341
9.3 Summary and Discussion......Page 344
A.1 Source code for Calibration of a Projector (or a camera)......Page 346
A.2 Quadric Image Transfer......Page 349
B.2 Projection Functions......Page 352
B.3 Transformation Functions......Page 353
B.4 Additional Functions......Page 355
Bibliography......Page 358