Sorghum in the 21st Century: Food – Fodder – Feed – Fuel for a Rapidly Changing World

Foreword
Foreword
Preface
Contents
Editors and Contributors
	About the Editors
	Contributors
Part I: Global Status of Sorghum
	Trends in Global Production, Consumption, and Utilization of Sorghum
		1 Introduction
		2 Land Allocation to Sorghum
		3 Global Sorghum Production
		4 Global Consumption of Sorghum
		5 Patterns of Global Trade
		6 Conclusion
		Sources
	Enabling Markets, Trade and Policies for Enhancing Sorghum Uptake
		1 Introduction
		2 Sorghum Area, Production and Yield
			2.1 Distribution of Area and Production
			2.2 Historical Trends in Area and Production
		3 Utilization
			3.1 Food Use
			3.2 Feed Use
			3.3 Other Uses
		4 International Trade in Sorghum
			4.1 Exports
			4.2 Imports
		5 Markets and Policies
			5.1 Marketing System for Sorghum: Need for Innovation
			5.2 Food Processing and Value Addition
			5.3 Policies in Sorghum-producing Countries
				5.3.1 India
				5.3.2 USA
				5.3.3 Mexico
				5.3.4 Nigeria
				5.3.5 Ethiopia
				5.3.6 Argentina
				5.3.7 China
				5.3.8 Australia
		6 Conclusions and Way Forward
		References
Part II: Genetic Resources
	Global Status of Sorghum Genetic Resources Conservation
		1 Introduction
		2 The ICRISAT Collection
		3 USDA-ARS-PGRCU Sorghum Collection
		4 Collections by ICAR-NBPGR-New Delhi, India
			4.1 Characterization of Sorghum Germplasm at ICAR-Indian Institute of Millets Institute Hyderabad
			4.2 Potential Sorghum Genetic Resources for Biotic and Abiotic Stress
		5 Special Groups
		6 Work Groups
		7 Sorghum Genetic Stocks
		8 Conclusions
		References
	Wide Hybridization and Utilization of Wild Relatives of Sorghum
		1 Introduction
		2 Sorghum Genus
			2.1 Species and Distribution
			2.2 Cytology and Cytogenetics
		3 Desirable Traits in Other Sorghum Species
			3.1 Resistance to Sorghum Midge
			3.2 Resistance to Shootfly
			3.3 Resistance to Spotted Stem Borer
			3.4 Variations in Starch Physicochemistry
		4 Factors Influencing Wide Hybridization in Sorghum
			4.1 Pollen-Pistil Interactions
			4.2 Pre-fertilization Factors
				4.2.1 Pollen Adhesion, Hydration, and Germination
				4.2.2 Penetration of the Stigma and Pollen Tube Growth
				4.2.3 Genes That Control Some Aspect of the Pollen-Pistil Interaction
				4.2.4 CHA, Genetic Male Sterile, and CMS Lines
			4.3 Post-fertilization Barriers
			4.4 Confirming Hybrids by Flow Cytometry and Cytological Analyses
			4.5 Embryo Rescue
		5 Interspecific/Intergeneric Hybridization in Sorghum
			5.1 Hybridization Within the Eusorghums
				5.1.1 Sorghum propinquum
				5.1.2 Sorghum halepense (Johnson Grass)
				5.1.3 Perennial Grain Sorghum
			5.2 Interspecific Hybrids Beyond the Eusorghums
			5.3 Intergeneric Hybridization
				5.3.1 Saccharum
				5.3.2 Maize
				5.3.3 Other Species
		6 Manipulating Gene Flow in Sorghum
			6.1 Pollen-Mediated Gene Flow from Sorghum Crop to the Wild/Weedy Congeners
		7 Conclusion
		References
	Sorghum Germplasm for Enhanced Productivity and Nutrition
		1 Introduction
		2 Constraints in Sorghum Production and Sorghum Research Domains
			2.1 Biotic Stress
			2.2 Abiotic Stress
		3 Sorghum Research Domains (SRDs)
		4 Germplasm Diversity
			4.1 Phenotypic Diversity
			4.2 Genetic Diversity
		5 Capturing Germplasm Diversity
		6 Mini core Collection for Trait Enhancement and for Broadening the Genetic Base of Cultivars
		7 Wild and Weedy Relatives for Sorghum Improvement
		8 Utilization of Germplasm in Breeding
		9 Genetic Gains
		10 Future Direction
		References
Part III: Crop Production
	Physiology of Growth, Development and Yield
		1 Introduction
		2 Crop Phenology
			2.1 Emergence to Panicle Initiation
			2.2 Emergence to Flag Leaf Appearance
			2.3 Flag Leaf to Physiological Maturity
			2.4 Development of Tillers
		3 Biomass Accumulation Under Well-Watered Conditions
			3.1 Canopy Development
			3.2 Light Interception
			3.3 Radiation Use Efficiency (RUE) and Leaf Photosynthetic Activity
		4 Biomass Accumulation Under Drought Stress
			4.1 Increasing Total Transpiration
			4.2 Restricting Pre-anthesis Water Use Through Reduced Canopy Size
			4.3 Restricting Pre-anthesis Water Use and Increasing Transpiration Efficiency
		5 Nitrogen Uptake and Dynamics
			5.1 N Dynamics Pre-anthesis
			5.2 N Dynamics Post-anthesis
			5.3 Molecular Analysis of Soil Microbes Involved in the N Cycle
		6 Crop Stresses and Effects on Grain Yield Determination
		7 New Horizons in Crop Physiology Phenotyping
		References
	Impacts of Abiotic Stresses on Sorghum Physiology
		1 Introduction
		2 Drought Stress
			2.1 Effects of Drought Stress on Leaf Physiology
			2.2 Effect of Drought Stress on Root Physiology
			2.3 Effect of Drought Stress on Reproductive Physiology
			2.4 Sensitive Stages
		3 Flooding (Waterlogging) Stress
			3.1 Effects of Flooding Stress on Leaf Physiology
			3.2 Effects of Flooding Stress on Root Physiology
			3.3 Effect of Flooding Stress on Reproductive Physiology
			3.4 Sensitive Stages
		4 High-Temperature Stress
			4.1 Effect of High Temperature on Leaf Physiology
			4.2 Effect of High Temperature on Root Physiology
			4.3 Effect of High Temperature on Reproductive Physiology
			4.4 Sensitive Stages
		5 Low-Temperature Stress
			5.1 Effects of Low-Temperature Stress on Leaf Physiology
			5.2 Effects of Low-Temperature Stress on Root Physiology
			5.3 Effects of Low-Temperature Stress on Reproductive Physiology
			5.4 Sensitive Stages
		6 Salinity Stress
			6.1 Effects of Salinity Stress on Leaf and Root Physiology
			6.2 Effect of Salinity Stress on Reproductive Physiology
			6.3 Sensitive Stages
		7 Conclusions
		References
	Sorghum: General Crop-Modelling Tools Guiding Principles and Use of Crop Models in Support of Crop Improvement Programs in Dev...
		1 Introduction
		2 Crop Modelling
			2.1 Main Guiding Principles: Critical Model Features; Complexity and Relevance of Different Model to Answer Diverse Research Q...
			2.2 Quality Data Inputs and Their Validation Define the Quality and Relevance of Predictions
				2.2.1 Quality of Model Inputs, Assumptions, and Validation
		3 Modelling Approaches to Support Crop Improvement Programs: Focus on Sorghum in Developing Countries
			3.1 Understanding G x E x M at Spatiotemporal Scale
			3.2 Environmental Characterization: Understanding the Spatiotemporal Patterns of Crop Production Potential and Its Main Limita...
			3.3 Designing G x M Interventions Within E
			3.4 Necessity for Continuous Models Development
				3.4.1 Sorghum Sensitivity to Photoperiod
				3.4.2 Sorghum Responsiveness to Low-Phosphorus Soils
		4 Conclusion
		References
	Biological Nitrification Inhibition (BNI) Potential and Its Role in Improving the Nitrogen Use Efficiency (NUE) in Sorghum
		1 Introduction
		2 Option to Control Soil Nitrification
			2.1 Method of Application of Fertilizers
				2.1.1 Applications of Synthetic Chemical Nitrification Inhibitors (SNIs)
				2.1.2 Use of Slow- and Controlled-Release (SCR) Nitrogen Fertilizers
				2.1.3 Biological Nitrification Inhibition (BNI)
		3 Concept of Biological Nitrification Inhibition (BNI)
		4 BNI Is Wide Spread Among the Major Cultivated Crops and Pastures
		5 Synthetic Inhibitors (SNIs) and Biological Nitrification Inhibitors (BNIs)
			5.1 Methodology for the Detection of BNIs in Plant Soil Systems
			5.2 BNIs Isolated and Their Mode of Action in Sorghum
				5.2.1 BNI Isolated from Sorghum
				5.2.2 Mode of Action with Special Reference to Sorghum
		6 Regulation of BNI Function in Sorghum
		7 Genetic Improvement for BNI Functions in Plants with Special Reference to Sorghum
		8 Conclusion
		References
	High-Throughput Phenotyping Methods for Economic Traits and Designer Plant Types as Tools to Support Modern Breeding Efforts
		1 Introduction
		2 The Notion of Breeding Product Profile
		3 Ongoing Initiatives
			3.1 HT Phenotyping for the Transpiration Response to VPD and Transpiration Efficiency
				3.1.1 Evidence for the Value of the Trait
				3.1.2 Description of the HTP Method
				3.1.3 Current Use/Integration in the Breeding Process
			3.2 HT Phenotyping for Root Angle and Root Depth
				3.2.1 Evidence for the Value of the Trait
				3.2.2 Description of the HTP Method to Measure Root Angle
				3.2.3 Current Use/Integration in the Breeding Process
			3.3 HT Phenotyping for Grain Mineral Content (Iron and Zinc)
				3.3.1 Evidence for the Value of the Trait
				3.3.2 Description of the HTP Method to Measure
				3.3.3 Current Use/Integration in the Breeding Process
			3.4 HT Phenotyping for Grain and Stover Quality Traits
				3.4.1 Evidence for the Value of the Trait
				3.4.2 Description of the HTP Method to Measure
				3.4.3 Current Use/Integration in the Breeding Process
		4 New Opportunities: New Considerations to Have
			4.1 Drone/Remote Sensing Imaging: HTP Methods at the Service of Yield Trial Quality Control
			4.2 Quality Analysis in Breeding Program
			4.3 Image Analysis for Grain or Crop Architecture Traits
		References
	Sorghum Management Systems and Production Technology Around the Globe
		1 Introduction
		2 US Sorghum Scenario
			2.1 Sorghum Improvement and Crop Management
			2.2 Planting Date and Cultivar Duration
			2.3 Seeding Depth
			2.4 Crop Rotation and Tillage
				2.4.1 Hybrid Selection with Desirable Traits
			2.5 Row Spacing
			2.6 Plant Density
			2.7 Geometry and Spatial Arrangement
		3 Indian Sorghum Scenario
			3.1 Seasons and Relative Potential
			3.2 Cultivar and Relative Potential
			3.3 Location Specific Management and Relative Potential
		4 African Sorghum Scenario
			4.1 Status of the Crop: Production (Yield) and Acreage
			4.2 Main Agronomic Practices for Rainfed Sorghum-Based Systems in West Africa
				4.2.1 Soil Preparation
				4.2.2 Sowing Methods
				4.2.3 Fertilization and Weed Control
				4.2.4 Intercropping Systems
				4.2.5 Other Systems
		5 Australian Sorghum Scenario
			5.1 Status of the Crop
			5.2 Main Agronomic Practices with Focus on the G x E x M
				5.2.1 Planting Date
				5.2.2 Plant Density, Row Configuration, and Spacing
				5.2.3 Relevant Agronomic Traits and Progress
		6 Argentinian Sorghum Scenario
			6.1 Sorghum Area and Productivity
			6.2 Exploring G x E x M for High Yields
			6.3 Relevant Agronomic Traits and Progress
			6.4 Main Agronomic Practices
			6.5 Argentina Sorghum Future Perspective
		7 Sorghum Versus Maize: A Comparative Analysis
		8 Future Perspective
		References
	Sorghum Hybrid Seed Production and Quality Management: Important Considerations
		1 Introduction
		2 Sorghum Hybrid Development and Seed Production
			2.1 Identification of Potential Hybrid Parents (A-, B-, and R-Lines)
			2.2 Sorghum Seed Multiplication Chain
			2.3 Hybrid (A-xR-) Seed Production
		3 Breakdown of Male Sterility and Fertility
		4 Ergot or Sugary Disease Incidence
		5 Selection of Area, Field, and Season
		6 Ensuring Synchrony in Flowering of Parental Lines (A- and R-)
			6.1 Differential Flowering Behavior of Parental Lines
			6.2 Synchronization of Flowering of Parental Lines
		7 Pollen and Stigma Traits
			7.1 Pollen Production, Viability, and Dispersal
			7.2 Stigma Receptivity
		8 Genetic Purity Maintenance
			8.1 Deterioration of Parental Lines
			8.2 Maintenance of Genetic Purity During Seed Production
			8.3 Maintenance Breeding of Parental Lines
			8.4 Isolation Requirement for Sorghum Hybrid Seed Production
			8.5 Rouging
		9 Harvesting, Threshing, and Seed Processing
		10 Conclusion
		References
	Tackling Key Issues for Smallholder Farmers: The Farmer Research Network (FRN) Approach
		1 Introduction
		2 The West Africa Regional Context
		3 Farmer Research Network (FRN) Approach
			3.1 Overall Vision of the FRN Approach
			3.2 FRN Principles
			3.3 FRN Examples from the CCRP West African Program
			3.4 Selected Learnings from CCRP´s Work with Smallholder Farmers
				3.4.1 ``Performance´´ Means More than Grain Yield on a Plot Basis
				3.4.2 Need to Understand Option-by-Context Interactions
				3.4.3 ``Baskets of Options´´ and Informed Decision-Making by Farmers Instead of Fixed Recommendations
				3.4.4 Further Learnings Related Specifically to FRNs
		4 Conclusion
		References
Part IV: Genetic Enhancement
	Commercial Sector Breeding of Sorghum: Current Status and Future Prospects
		1 Introduction
		2 Global Sorghum Market
		3 Global Forage Market
		4 Efforts to Improve Sorghums in the Breeding Programs
			4.1 Biotic Constraints
				4.1.1 Shoot Fly
				4.1.2 Sugarcane Aphid
				4.1.3 Grain Mold
				4.1.4 Anthracnose
			4.2 Abiotic Constraints
		5 Biofortification
		6 Biomass and Energy
		7 Advancements in Weed Control
		8 Forage Development: Indian Scenario
		9 Looking Ahead
		References
	Breeding for Yield and Adaptation
		1 Introduction
		2 Genetic Diversity Utilized in Breeding Programs
		3 Cultivar Option
		4 Breeding for Grain Yield and Adaptive Traits
		5 Breeding for Photoperiod-Sensitive Sorghums
		6 Breeding for Photoperiod-Insensitive Sorghums
		7 Future Needs
		References
	Breeding for Resistance to Biotic Stresses
		1 Introduction
		2 Economic Damage
		3 Mechanism of Resistance
			3.1 Insects
			3.2 Diseases
		4 Sources of Resistance
		5 Breeding for Resistance
			5.1 Insects
				5.1.1 Sorghum Shoot Fly
				5.1.2 Spotted Stem Borer
				5.1.3 Sorghum Midge
				5.1.4 Greenbug
				5.1.5 Head Bug
				5.1.6 Aphids
			5.2 Diseases
				5.2.1 Grain Mold
				5.2.2 Charcoal Rot
				5.2.3 Rust
				5.2.4 Anthracnose
				5.2.5 Downey Mildew
				5.2.6 Sorghum Ergot
		6 Transgenic for Sorghum Improvement
		7 Conclusions
		References
	Breeding Sorghum for Forage and Feed: Status and Approaches
		1 Introduction
		2 Sorghum for Forage
			2.1 Forage Sorghum: Major Source of Green Fodder in Warmer Climate
			2.2 Types of Forage Sorghum
			2.3 Distribution of Forage Sorghum Cultivation
			2.4 Traits Associated with Forage Yield
				2.4.1 Plant Height
				2.4.2 Days to Flowering
				2.4.3 Tolerance to Stresses
			2.5 Traits Associated with Forage Quality
				2.5.1 Leaf/Stem Ratio
				2.5.2 Cell Contents: Sugars, Non-structural Carbohydrates, and Phenolics
				2.5.3 Protein Content
				2.5.4 Anti-nutritional Compounds
				2.5.5 Animal Preference
			2.6 Genetic Variability for in Forage Yield and Quality Traits
			2.7 Enhancing Genetic Gain and Shortening Breeding Cycles
			2.8 Forage Sorghum Cultivar Development
		3 Sorghum as Animal Feed
			3.1 Genetic Improvement of Sorghum for Use of Grain as Feed
			3.2 Traits Affecting Feed Value of Sorghum
		4 Way Ahead
		References
	Genetic and Management Options for Controlling Striga
		1 Introduction
		2 Striga Is a Parasitic Plant
		3 Taxonomy
		4 Distribution
		5 Impact on Food Security
		6 Striga Biology
			6.1 Dormancy
			6.2 Conditioning
			6.3 Germination
			6.4 Haustorial Initiation
			6.5 Attachment
			6.6 Establishing Vascular Connections
			6.7 Metabolic Relationship with Host
			6.8 Maturity and Seed Production
		7 Combating Striga
			7.1 Chemical Control
			7.2 Biological Control
			7.3 Allelopathy
			7.4 Agronomic Practices
			7.5 Host Plant Resistance
		8 Target Traits and Molecular Markers
		9 Integrated Pest Management
		10 Technology Transfer
		References
	Breeding Sorghum for Specific End Uses
		1 Introduction
		2 Food Uses
		3 Malting and Brewing Industry
		4 Grain Quality Related to Food Uses and Breeding for Improved Quality
		5 Challenges and Opportunities for Colored Sorghum
		6 Starch and Grain Ethanol Industry
			6.1 Genetic Variability and Breeding for High Starch Content and Quality
			6.2 Grain Ethanol Industry
			6.3 Factors Influencing Ethanol Yield
			6.4 Genetic Variability and Breeding for High Grain Ethanol
			6.5 Dried Distiller´s Grain with Soluble (DDGS)
		7 Sorghum for Pet Food Industry
		8 Sorghum for Health Industry
		9 Sorghum for Bioindustrial Product Development
		10 Conclusion
		References
	The Sorghum Genome: Current Status and Future Prospects
		1 Introduction
		2 Genome Sequence and Assembly
		3 Genome-Wide DNA Markers
		4 Dissecting Genomic Regions Underlying Complex Traits
		5 Transcriptome Studies for Candidate Gene Identification
		6 Conclusion and Future Prospects
		References
	Current Status and Future Prospects of Genetic Transformation and Gene Editing in Sorghum
		1 Introduction
		2 In Vitro Plant Regeneration of Sorghum
			2.1 Explants Exploited for In Vitro Plant Regeneration of Sorghum
				2.1.1 Immature Embryo
				2.1.2 Immature Inflorescence
				2.1.3 Mature Embryo
				2.1.4 Leaf
				2.1.5 Shoot Tip
				2.1.6 Protoplast
				2.1.7 Anther
				2.1.8 Regeneration from Wild Species
		3 Sorghum Improvement through Genetic Transformation
			3.1 Insect Resistance in Sorghum
			3.2 Disease Resistance in Sorghum
			3.3 Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Sorghum
			3.4 Quality and Nutritional Improvement of Sorghum
		4 Emerging Genome Editing Techniques in Sorghum Genomic Improvement
			4.1 Zinc Finger Nuclease (ZFN) and TALENs Technology
			4.2 CRISPR/Cas9 Technology
		5 Conclusions
		References
Part V: Plant Protection
	Major Pests: Status, Approaches, and Strategies for Management
		1 Introduction
		2 Insect Pests of Seed, Roots, and Seedlings
			2.1 Shoot Fly, Atherigona soccata (Rondani)
			2.2 Spotted Stem Borer, Chilo partellus (Swinhoe)
		3 Sucking Pests
			3.1 Sugarcane Aphid, Melanaphis sacchari (Zehntner)
			3.2 Shoot Bug, Peregrinus maidis (Ashmead)
		4 Panicle Pest
			4.1 Sorghum Midge, Stenodiplosis sorghicola (Coquillett)
			4.2 Earhead Bug, Calocoris angustatus (Lethiery)
			4.3 Oriental Armyworm, Mythimna separata (Walker)
		5 Economic Thresholds for Insect Pests of Sorghum
		6 Management Strategies
			6.1 Cultural Management
			6.2 Biological Control
			6.3 Host-Plant Resistance
			6.4 Sources of Resistance
			6.5 Recent Trends in Management
				6.5.1 Marker-Assisted Selection
				6.5.2 Development of Insect-Resistant Transgenic Sorghums
			6.6 Chemical Control
			6.7 Integration of Various Practices
		7 Conclusion
		References
	Sorghum Diseases: Diagnosis and Management
		1 Introduction
		2 Fungal Diseases
			2.1 Anthracnose
				2.1.1 Economic Significance
				2.1.2 Host Range
				2.1.3 Distribution
				2.1.4 Symptoms
				2.1.5 Physiological Specialization
				2.1.6 Management
			2.2 Leaf Blight
				2.2.1 Economic Importance
				2.2.2 Host Range
				2.2.3 Distribution
				2.2.4 Symptoms
				2.2.5 Physiological Specialization
				2.2.6 Management
			2.3 Zonate Leaf Spot
				2.3.1 Economic Importance
				2.3.2 Quarantine Significance
				2.3.3 Host Range
				2.3.4 Distribution
				2.3.5 Symptoms
				2.3.6 Management
			2.4 Grey Leaf Spot
				2.4.1 Economic Significance
				2.4.2 Host Range
				2.4.3 Distribution
				2.4.4 Symptoms
				2.4.5 Management
			2.5 Rust
				2.5.1 Economic Importance
				2.5.2 Host Range
				2.5.3 Distribution
				2.5.4 Symptoms
				2.5.5 Physiological Specialization
				2.5.6 Management
			2.6 Downy Mildew
				2.6.1 Economic Significance
				2.6.2 Host Range
				2.6.3 Distribution
				2.6.4 Symptoms
				2.6.5 Physiological Specialization
				2.6.6 Management
			2.7 Grain Mould
				2.7.1 Fungi Involved
				2.7.2 Economic Significance
				2.7.3 Distribution
				2.7.4 Symptoms
				2.7.5 Management
			2.8 Sorghum Smuts
				2.8.1 Covered Kernel Smut/Kernel Smut/Grain Smut/Short Smut
					Economic Significance
					Host Range
					Distribution
					Symptoms
				2.8.2 Loose Kernel Smut
					Economic Significance
					Host Range
					Symptoms
				2.8.3 Head Smut
					Host Range
					Distribution
					Symptoms
				2.8.4 Long Smut
					Distribution
					Symptoms
					Management
			2.9 Ergot
				2.9.1 Economic Significance
				2.9.2 Host Range
				2.9.3 Geographic Distribution
				2.9.4 Symptoms
				2.9.5 Management
			2.10 Charcoal Rot
				2.10.1 Economic Importance
				2.10.2 Distribution
				2.10.3 Symptoms
				2.10.4 Management
			2.11 Milo Disease
				2.11.1 Economic Significance
				2.11.2 Quarantine Significance
				2.11.3 Host Range
				2.11.4 Distribution
				2.11.5 Symptoms
				2.11.6 Management
		3 Bacterial Diseases
			3.1 Bacterial Leaf Streak
				3.1.1 Economic Significance
				3.1.2 Host Range
				3.1.3 Distribution
				3.1.4 Symptoms
				3.1.5 Management
			3.2 Bacterial Leaf Stripe
				3.2.1 Economic Significance
				3.2.2 Host Range
				3.2.3 Distribution
				3.2.4 Symptoms
				3.2.5 Management
			3.3 Erwinia Stalk Rot
				3.3.1 Economic Importance
				3.3.2 Host range
				3.3.3 Distribution
				3.3.4 Symptoms
				3.3.5 Management
			3.4 Bacterial Eyespot or Leaf spot
				3.4.1 Economic Significance
				3.4.2 Host Range
				3.4.3 Symptoms
				3.4.4 Management
		4 Emerging Diseases
			4.1 Pokkah Boeng
				4.1.1 Distribution
				4.1.2 Symptoms
			4.2 Maize Stripe Virus
		References
	Harmonization of Quarantine Regulation and Legislation for Global Exchange of Sorghum Germplasm
		1 Introduction
		2 International Quarantine Regulations and Legislative Framework
		3 Indian Quarantine Regulations and Legislative Framework
		4 Documents Required and Procedure of Germplasm Exchange
			4.1 Import Permit
			4.2 Phytosanitary Certificate
			4.3 Import Procedure in India
			4.4 Post-Entry Quarantine Inspection
			4.5 Export Procedure in India
		5 Sorghum Seedborne Pathogens Detected in Seed Samples
		6 Harmonization of National Laws and Regulations with Global Regulations
		References
	Weed Management in Sorghum
		1 Introduction
		2 Major Weed Flora of Sorghum
		3 Losses Due to Weeds
		4 Critical Period of Crop-Weed Competition
			4.1 Climate Change and Weed Competition
		5 Methods of Weed Management
			5.1 Cultural Management
				5.1.1 Plant Geometry and Plant Density
				5.1.2 Weed Competitive Cultivars
				5.1.3 Nutrient Management
			5.2 Mechanical Management
			5.3 Use of Herbicides
				5.3.1 Herbicide Mixtures
				5.3.2 Herbicide Residue
		6 Weed Management in Sorghum-Based Intercropping Systems and Crop Rotations
			6.1 Intercropping
			6.2 Sequence Cropping/Double Cropping Systems
		7 Integrated Weed Management
		8 Allelopathy
		9 Weed Shift
		10 Weed Management in Forage Sorghum
		11 Genotypic Factors and Crop Improvement for Tolerance to Weeds
		12 Conclusion
		References
Part VI: Forage and Feed
	Options for Enhancing Sorghum Forage Utilization in Ruminants
		1 Introduction
		2 Varieties
		3 Stage of Harvesting
		4 Chemical Composition and In Vitro Digestibility
		5 Anti-Nutritional Factors/Toxicity Concerns
		6 Intake and Digestibility
		7 Performance
			7.1 Body Weight Gain
			7.2 Milk Yield and Quality
		8 Way Forward
		References
	Multi-Trait Improvement in Sorghum to Optimize Livelihoods from Mixed Crop Livestock Systems and the Impact of Augmented New C...
		1 Introduction
		2 Early Evidence from Sorghum Stover Fodder Markets That Stover Fodder Quality Matters
		3 Variations in Sorghum Stover Fodder Quality and Livestock Productivity
		4 Did Inclusion of Stover Criteria in Sorghum Release Testing Change Traits?
		5 Impact, Outcomes, and Aspects of Impacts of Multi-Trait Sorghum Improvement
		References
Part VII: Bio-energy
	Sweet Sorghum as First-Generation Biofuel Feedstock and Its Commercialization
		1 Introduction
		2 Special Attributes That Make Sweet Sorghum a Potential Bioenergy Crop
			2.1 Wide Adaptability
			2.2 Low Input Costs
			2.3 Suitability to Marginal Lands
			2.4 High Biomass
			2.5 Short Production Cycle
			2.6 Huge Breeding Potential and Ratoonability
			2.7 Higher Ethanol Yields
		3 Biochemical Composition of Sweet Sorghum Juice and Ethanol Yield
		4 Processing of Sweet Sorghum Stalks for Ethanol Production
			4.1 Juice Extraction
			4.2 Fermentation
			4.3 Distillation and Dehydration
		5 Industrial Trials for Commercialization
		6 Way Forward
		References
	High-Biomass Sorghums as a Feedstock for Renewable Fuels and Chemicals
		1 Introduction
			1.1 Definition and Use of High-Biomass Sorghum
			1.2 Biomass Processing at the Biorefinery
			1.3 Sorghum Versus Other Bioenergy Crops
		2 High-Biomass Sorghum Ideotype
			2.1 Biomass Yield
				2.1.1 Plant Height as a Function of Maturity
				2.1.2 Genetic Control of Maturity: Ma Genes
				2.1.3 Plant Height as a Function of Phytohormones and Growth Regulators
				2.1.4 Dwarfing Genes
			2.2 Biomass Composition
				2.2.1 Cellulose
				2.2.2 Hemicellulosic Polysaccharides
				2.2.3 Lignin
			2.3 Traits that Enhance Sustainable Production of Biomass
		3 Breeding Strategies to Enhance Biomass Yield
			3.1 Photoperiod-Sensitive Biomass Hybrids
			3.2 Tall Biomass Hybrids Derived from Short Inbred Parents
		4 Analytical Methods to Assess Biomass Quality
			4.1 Near-Infrared Reflectance (NIR) and Fourier-Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy
			4.2 Analytical Pyrolysis
			4.3 High-Throughput Pretreatment and Saccharification Assays
		5 Future Perspectives
		References
	Pretreatment Methods for Biofuel Production from Sorghum
		1 Introduction
		2 Composition and Uses of Sorghum
			2.1 Structure and Composition of Plant Parts
			2.2 Use of Sorghum Plant Parts
		3 Sorghum Pretreatment for Biofuel Production
			3.1 Physical Pretreatment
				3.1.1 Drying
				3.1.2 Comminution
				3.1.3 Sieving
				3.1.4 Pelleting
				3.1.5 Extrusion
				3.1.6 Steam-Flaking
				3.1.7 Sugar, Starch, and Oil Extraction
				3.1.8 Decortication
			3.2 Chemical Pretreatment
				3.2.1 Dilute Acid Pretreatment
				3.2.2 Dilute Alkali Pretreatment
				3.2.3 Two-Stage Pretreatments
				3.2.4 Organosolv Pretreatment
				3.2.5 Oxidative Pretreatment
				3.2.6 Ionic Liquid Pretreatment
			3.3 Physicochemical Pretreatment
				3.3.1 Steam Pretreatment
				3.3.2 Liquid Hot Water
				3.3.3 Ammonia Fiber Expansion
				3.3.4 Supercritical CO2
				3.3.5 Ultrasound-/Microwave-Assisted Processes
			3.4 Biological Pretreatment
				3.4.1 Enzymatic Pretreatment
				3.4.2 Fungal Pretreatment
			3.5 Detoxification of Prehydrolyzates
		4 Production of Biofuels from Sorghum
		5 Conclusions
		References
Part VIII: Biofortification
	Genetic Enhancement Perspectives and Prospects for Grain Nutrients Density
		1 Introduction
		2 Standardization of Phenotyping Methods and Establishing the Baselines
		3 Variability for Grain Fe and Zn in Sorghum
		4 Gene Action and Heterosis for Fe and Zn
		5 Trait Associationship
		6 Grain Size Play Key Role in Improving Fe and Zn
		7 Multi-environment Testing to Tackle Significant G x E Interaction
		8 QTL Identification and Synteny Study for Fe and Zn in Sorghum
		9 Other Quality Parameters
			9.1 Carbohydrates
			9.2 Protein
			9.3 Vitamins
			9.4 Fat and Fiber
			9.5 Minerals
			9.6 Phytates
			9.7 Antioxidants, Phenolic Acids
		10 Conclusion
		References
	Approaches for Enhancing the Nutrients Bioavailability
		1 Introduction
		2 What Is Bioavailability
		3 Bioavailability: Complexities
		4 Bioavailability: Cause of Hidden Hunger?
		5 Measurement of Bioavailability
			5.1 In Vitro Methods
			5.2 In Vivo Methods
		6 Factors Affecting Micronutrient Bioavailability
			6.1 Food Structure
			6.2 Food Processing Techniques
			6.3 Chemical Form of Nutrients
			6.4 Interaction Between Nutrients
			6.5 Physiological and Enzymatic Factors of Consumer
			6.6 Micronutrient Status of Test Subjects in Human Trials
			6.7 Bioavailability: Inhibitors and Enhancers
		7 Food Processing Interventions to Enhance Nutrient Bioavailability with Special Reference to Sorghum
			7.1 Soaking
			7.2 Fermentation
			7.3 Milling
			7.4 Germination or Malting
		8 Genetic Modification to Enhance Micronutrient Bioavailability
		9 Conclusion
		References
Part IX: Value Addition and Commercialization
	Functional Characteristics and Nutraceuticals of Grain Sorghum
		1 Introduction
		2 Phytochemicals/Nutraceuticals Present in Sorghum
			2.1 Phytochemicals
				2.1.1 Starch
				2.1.2 beta-Glucans as Components of Dietary Fiber
				2.1.3 Composition of Dietary Fiber
			2.2 Nutraceuticals in Sorghum
				2.2.1 Polyphenols
				2.2.2 Tannins and Phenols of Sorghum Grain
				2.2.3 Phenolic Acids
				2.2.4 Flavonoids
				2.2.5 Condensed Tannins
				2.2.6 Polyflavans
				2.2.7 Sorghum Phytosterols and Policosanols
		3 Functional Food
		4 Effect of Processing on Phytochemicals in Sorghum
		5 Impact of Sorghum on Human Health
			5.1 Blood Thinning Effect
			5.2 Sorghum and Cancer
			5.3 Arthritis and Rheumatism
		6 Conclusion
		References
	Novel Processes, Value Chain, and Products for Food, Feed, and Industrial Uses
		1 Introduction
		2 Opportunity of Developing Value-Added Sorghum Products
		3 Need for Novel Processing
		4 Processing of Sorghum Grain
		5 Storage Practices for Sorghum
		6 Sorghum Processing Technologies
			6.1 Advantage of Sorghum Processing
			6.2 De-hulling
			6.3 Milling
			6.4 Flaking
			6.5 Baking
			6.6 Sorghum Extrusion
				6.6.1 Sorghum Vermicelli
				6.6.2 Sorghum Pasta
				6.6.3 Extrusion Cooking or Hot Extrusion
			6.7 Popping/Puffing
			6.8 Parboiling
		7 Development of RTC/RTE Food
		8 IIMR Innovations in Sorghum Processing
			8.1 Sorghum-Rich Multigrain Flour
			8.2 Sorghum Flakes
			8.3 Sorghum Semolina
			8.4 Sorghum Biscuits
			8.5 Sorghum Vermicelli and Pasta
		9 Limitations
			9.1 Inconsistent Availability of Sorghum Grain in Quantity and Quality
			9.2 Lack of Knowledge of Processing Interventions
			9.3 Inadequate Promotional Awareness on Health Aspects
		10 Use of Sorghum in Animal Feed
		11 Use of Sorghum in Industries
			11.1 Alcohol Distilleries
			11.2 Starch Industries
			11.3 Other Industries
		12 Case Study on Successful Value Chain of Sorghum Developed by IIMR, Hyderabad-Led Consortium
			12.1 The Individual Components of the Sorghum Value Chain
				12.1.1 On-Farm Sorghum Production
				12.1.2 Value Addition Through Processing Interventions in Sorghum (IIMR and PJTSAU)
				12.1.3 Nutritional Evaluation and Certification (by NIN)
				12.1.4 Entrepreneurship Development
				12.1.5 Promotion and Popularization
				12.1.6 Commercialization
				12.1.7 Policy Sensitization
		13 Conclusion
		References
Part X: Seed Systems
	Developing Sustainable Seed Systems for Higher Productivity
		1 Introduction
		2 Global Seed Systems
			2.1 Seed Systems in Africa
			2.2 Seed Systems in Asia
			2.3 Seed Systems in America
		3 Overview of Seed Systems
		4 Community Seed Banks
			4.1 Limitations of Formal Seed Systems
			4.2 Limitations of Informal Seed Systems
			4.3 Barriers to Seed Dissemination and Socioeconomic Constraints
		5 Novel Strategies and Models for Sustainable Sorghum Seed Systems
			5.1 Seed Sources for Informal and Formal Seed Systems
			5.2 Challenges for Seed Sector in Marginal Environments
			5.3 Sound Informal Seed Systems: Most Suitable for Dryland Ecosystems
			5.4 Sustaining Viability of Informal Systems with Innovative Seed Delivery Models
		6 Overview of Seed Constraints in Rain-Fed Crops in India
		7 Seed Systems of Post-rainy Sorghum in India
		8 Seed System Models
			8.1 Approach
			8.2 Sustaining Viability of Informal Systems with Innovative Seed Delivery Models
			8.3 Roles and Responsibilities of Consortium Partners
			8.4 Capacity Building
			8.5 Seed Production
			8.6 Main Observations and Impact of the Model
		9 Way Forward for Sustainable Seed System
		References
Part XI: Global Research Programme
	Sorghum in Twenty-First Century and Beyond: Perspectives, Prospects, Strategies and Way Forward
		1 Introduction
		2 The Triggers for Sorghum in Global Context
		3 Sorghum Is a Suitable Crop to Mitigate Climate Change
		4 Diversion of Sorghum Crop Area for Other Crops
		5 Innovations in Utilization of Sorghum: New End Uses, Efficient Processing and New Product Lines
		6 Sorghum Product Lines and Management Technologies
		7 Challenges for Sorghum Genetic Improvement
			7.1 Traits, Genes and Technologies Hold the Key
		8 Policy Options
		9 Way Forward
		References