Sociology: Understanding and Changing the Social World, Comprehensive Edition Version 3.0

Brief Contents
Contents
About the Author
Acknowledgments
Preface
Part 1: Introducing Sociology
Chapter 1: Sociology and the Sociological Perspective
	1.1: The Sociological Perspective
	1.2: Understanding Society
		The Debunking Motif
		Social Structure and the Sociological Imagination
		Sociology and Social Reform: Public Sociology
	1.3: Theoretical Perspectives in Sociology
		Macro and Micro Approaches
		Functionalism
		Conflict Theory
		Symbolic Interactionism
		Utilitarianism
		Comparing Macro and Micro Perspectives
	1.4: End-of-Chapter Material
	Endnotes
Chapter 2: Eye on Society: Doing Sociological Research
	2.1: Social Issues in the News
	2.2: Sociology as a Social Science
		How Do We Know What We Think We Know?
			Personal Experience
			Common Sense
			The Media
			Expert Authorities
			Tradition
		The Scientific Method
	2.3: Stages in the Sociological Research Process
		Choosing a Research Topic
		Conducting a Literature Review
		Formulating a Hypothesis
		Measuring Variables and Gathering Data
			Sampling
		Analyzing Data
			Criteria of Causality
		Drawing a Conclusion
	2.4: Research Design in Sociology
		Types of Sociological Research
			Surveys
			Experiments
			Observational Studies and Intensive Interviewing
			Existing Data
	2.5: Ethical Issues in Sociological Research
	2.6: Sociological Research in the Service of Society
	2.7: End-of-Chapter Material
	Endnotes
Part 2: The Basics of Social Life
Chapter 3: Culture
	3.1: Social Issues in the News
	3.2: Culture and the Sociological Perspective
		Culture and Biology
	3.3: The Elements of Culture
		Symbols
		Language
		Norms
			Rituals
			Changing Norms and Beliefs
		Values
			Individualism in the United States
			The Work Ethic
		Artifacts
	3.4: Cultural Diversity
		Cultural Relativism and Ethnocentrism
	3.5: End-of-Chapter Material
	Endnotes
Chapter 4: Socialization
	4.1: Social Issues in the News
	4.2: The Importance of Socialization
	4.3: Explaining Socialization
		Sociological Explanations: The Development of the Self
			Charles Horton Cooley
			George Herbert Mead
		Social-Psychological Explanations: Personality and Cognitive and Moral Development
			Sigmund Freud and the Unconscious Personality
			Piaget and Cognitive Development
			Kohlberg, Gilligan, and Moral Development
		Erikson and Identity Development
	4.4: Agents of Socialization
		The Family
		Schools
		Peers
		The Mass Media
		Religion
	4.5: Socialization Through the Life Course
		Childhood
		Adolescence
		Adulthood
		Old Age
	4.6: Resocialization and Total Institutions
	4.7: Socialization Practices and Improving Society
	4.8: End-of-Chapter Material
	Endnotes
Chapter 5: Social Structure and Social Interaction
	5.1: Social Issues in the News
	5.2: Social Structure: The Building Blocks of Social Life
		Statuses
		Roles
		Social Networks
		Groups and Organizations
		Social Institutions
		Societies
	5.3: The Development of Modern Society
		Hunting-and-Gathering Societies
		Horticultural and Pastoral Societies
		Agricultural Societies
		Industrial Societies
		Postindustrial Societies
	5.4: Social Interaction in Everyday Life
		Roles and Social Interaction
			Roles and Personalities
			Role Problems
		Dramaturgy and Impression Management
		Emotions and Social Interaction
			Nonverbal Social Interaction
	5.5: End-of-Chapter Material
	Endnotes
Chapter 6: Groups and Organizations
	6.1: Social Issues in the News
	6.2: Social Groups
		Primary and Secondary Groups
		Reference Groups
		In-Groups and Out-Groups
		Social Networks
	6.3: Group Dynamics and Behavior
		The Importance of Group Size
		Group Leadership and Decision Making
		Groups, Roles, and Conformity
			Solomon Asch and Perceptions of Line Lengths
			Stanley Milgram and Electric Shock
			The Third Wave
			Zimbardo’s Prison Experiment
			Groupthink
	6.4: Formal Organizations
		Types of Formal Organizations
		Bureaucracies: The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly
			The Disadvantages of Bureaucracy
		Michels’s Iron Law of Oligarchy
		Gender, Race, and Formal Organizations
	6.5: Groups, Organizations, and Social Change
		Vehicles for Social Change
		Obstacles to Social Change
		Changing Groups and Organizations from Within
	6.6: End-of-Chapter Material
	Endnotes
Chapter 7: Deviance, Crime, and Social Control
	7.1: Social Issues in the News
	7.2: Social Control and the Relativity of Deviance
	7.3: Explaining Deviance
		Functionalist Explanations
			Émile Durkheim: The Functions of Deviance
			Social Ecology: Neighborhood and Community Characteristics
			Strain Theory
			Deviant Subcultures
			Social Control Theory
		Conflict and Feminist Explanations
			Feminist Perspectives
		Symbolic Interactionist Explanations
			Differential Association Theory
			Labeling Theory
	7.4: Crime and Criminals
		Crime and Public Opinion
		The Measurement of Crime
		The Types and Correlates of Crime and Victimization
			Conventional Crime
			White-Collar Crime
			Victimless Crime
	7.5: The Get-Tough Approach: Boon or Bust?
	7.6: End-of-Chapter Material
	Endnotes
Part 3: Social Inequalities
Chapter 8: Social Stratification
	8.1: Social Issues in the News
	8.2: Systems of Stratification
		Slavery
		Estate Systems
		Caste Systems
		Class Systems
		Classless Societies
	8.3: Explaining Stratification
		The Functionalist View
		The Conflict View
			Ideology and Stratification
		Symbolic Interactionism
	8.4: Social Class in the United States
		Measuring Social Class
		The American Class Structure
			The Upper Class
			The Middle Class
			The Working Class
			The Lower Class
		Social Mobility
	8.5: Economic Inequality and Poverty in the United States
		Economic Inequality
		Poverty
			Measuring Poverty
			The Extent and Social Distribution of Poverty
		Explaining Poverty
		The Effects of Poverty
	8.6: End-of-Chapter Material
	Endnotes
Chapter 9: Global Stratification
	9.1: Social Issues in the News
	9.2: The Nature and Extent of Global Stratification
		Classifying Global Stratification
			Wealthy Nations
			Middle-Income Nations
			Poor Nations
		Global Poverty
			Poverty Indexes
		Global Inequality
	9.3: The Impact of Global Poverty
		Human Development
			Child Mortality
			Sanitation and Clean Water
			Malnutrition
			Adult Literacy
		The Status of Women
		The Status of Children
	9.4: Explaining Global Stratification
		Modernization Theory
		Dependency Theory
	9.5: End-of-Chapter Material
	Endnotes
Chapter 10: Race and Ethnicity
	10.1: Social Issues in the News
	10.2: Racial and Ethnic Relations: An American Dilemma
	10.3: The Meaning of Race and Ethnicity
		Race
			Race as a Social Construction
		Ethnicity
	10.4: Prejudice
		Explaining Prejudice
			Social-Psychological Explanations
			Sociological Explanations
			The Role of the Mass Media
		Correlates of Prejudice
		The Changing Nature of Prejudice
		Prejudice and Public Policy Preferences
	10.5: Discrimination
		Individual Discrimination
		Institutional Discrimination
			Health Care
			Mortgages, Redlining, and Residential Segregation
			Employment Discrimination
	10.6: Racial and Ethnic Inequality in the United States
		The Hidden Toll of Racial and Ethnic Inequality
		Explaining Racial and Ethnic Inequality
		The Benefits of Being White
	10.7: Race and Ethnicity in the 21st Century
		Affirmative Action
			The Debate Over Affirmative Action
		Immigration
	10.8: End-of-Chapter Material
	Endnotes
Chapter 11: Gender and Gender Inequality
	11.1: Social Issues in the News
	11.2: Understanding Sex and Gender
		Gender as a Social Construction
		Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity
		The Development of Gender Differences
		Biology and Gender
		Culture and Gender
		Socialization and Gender
			The Family
			Peers
			Schools
			Mass Media
			Religion
		A Final Word on the Sources of Gender
	11.3: Feminism and Sexism
		The Growth of Feminism and the Decline of Sexism
		Correlates of Feminism
	11.4: Gender Inequality
		Income and Workplace Inequality
			The Gender Gap in Income
			Sexual Harassment
		Women of Color: A Triple Burden
		LGBTQ+ Status and Inequality
		Household Inequality
			Gender Inequality in the COVID-19 Pandemic
	11.5: Violence Against Women: Rape and Pornography
		Rape
			The Extent and Context of Rape
			Explaining Rape
			Reducing Rape
		Pornography
	11.6: The Benefits and Costs of Being Male
		Benefits
		Costs
	11.7: End-of-Chapter Material
	Endnotes
Chapter 12: Aging and Older Adults
	12.1: Social Issues in the News
	12.2: Gerontology and the Concept of Aging
	12.3: The Perception and Experience of Aging
		Aging in Preindustrial Societies
		Aging in Western Cultures
	12.4: Sociological Perspectives on Aging
	12.5: Life Expectancy, Aging, and the Graying of Society
		Life Expectancy in the United States
		Inequality in Life Expectancy
	12.6: Biological and Psychological Aspects of Aging
		Enhancing Vitality for Successful Aging
	12.7: Older Adults in the United States
		Profile of Older Americans
		Problems Facing Older Americans
			Physical and Mental Health
			Nursing Home Care
			Financial Security and Employment
			Bereavement and Social Isolation
			Elder Abuse
		Senior Power: Older Americans as a Political Force
	12.8: End-of-Chapter Material
	Endnotes
Part 4: Social Institutions
Chapter 13: Work and the Economy
	13.1: Social Issues in the News
	13.2: Economic Development in Historical Perspective
		Preindustrial Societies
		Industrialization and the Division of Labor
		Postindustrial Societies
	13.3: Types of Economic Systems
		Capitalism
		Socialism
		Comparing Capitalism and Socialism
			Democratic Socialism
	13.4: Corporations
	13.5: Work and Labor in the United States
		Workers and Management After Industrialization
		Recent Trends in Jobs and Wages
		The U.S. Labor Force
			Unemployment
			The Impact of Unemployment
			Low-Wage Workers during the COVID-19 Pandemic
		Job Satisfaction and Alienation
		Crime in the Workplace
			Employee Theft
			Workplace Violence
	13.6: The Military-Industrial Complex
	13.7: End-of-Chapter Material
	Endnotes
Chapter 14: Politics and Government
	14.1: Social Issues in the News
	14.2: Power and Authority
		Traditional Authority
		Rational-Legal Authority
		Charismatic Authority
	14.3: Types of Political Systems
		Democracy
		Monarchy
		Authoritarianism and Totalitarianism
	14.4: Theories of Power and Society
		Pluralist Theory: A Functionalist Perspective
		Elite Theories: Conflict Perspectives
		Assessing Pluralist and Elite Theories
	14.5: Politics in the United States
		Political Ideology and Political Parties
			Political Ideology
			Political Parties
		Political Participation
		Special-Interest Groups and Lobbying: The Influence Industry
	14.6: War and Terrorism
		War
			Explaining War
			The Cost of War
		Terrorism
			Defining Terrorism
			Types of Terrorism
			Explaining Terrorism
			Stopping Terrorism
	14.7: End-of-Chapter Material
	Endnotes
Chapter 15: The Family
	15.1: Social Issues in the News
	15.2: The Family in Cross-Cultural and Historical Perspective
		Types of Families and Family Arrangements
		The Family Before Industrialization
		Societies Without Nuclear Families
		The Family in the American Colonial Period
		American Families During and After Industrialization
	15.3: Sociological Perspectives on the Family
		Social Functions of the Family
		The Family and Conflict
		Families and Social Interaction
	15.4: Family Patterns in the United States Today
		Marriage
		The United States Compared with Other Western Nations
		Families and Children in the United States
	15.5: Changes and Issues Affecting American Families
		Cohabitation
		Divorce and Single-Parent Households
			Reasons for Divorce
			Effects of Divorce and Single-Parent Households
		Children in Poverty
		Working Mothers and Day Care
		Marriage and Well-Being
		Same-Sex Marriages
		Racial and Ethnic Diversity in Marriages and Families
	15.6: Children and Parental Discipline
		Social Class Differences
	15.7: Family Violence
		Violence Against Intimates
			Dating Violence in College and High School
		Child Abuse
	15.8: End-of-Chapter Material
	Endnotes
Chapter 16: Education
	16.1: Social Issues in the News
	16.2: A Brief History of Education in the United States
	16.3: Sociological Perspectives on Education
		The Functions of Education
		Conflict Theory: Education and Inequality
		Symbolic Interactionism and School Behavior
	16.4: Education in the United States
		Correlates of Educational Attainment
			Explaining the Racial/Ethnic Gap in Educational Attainment
			Gender
		The Difference That Education Makes: Income
		The Difference That Education Makes: Attitudes
	16.5: Issues and Problems in Education
		Schools and Inequality
		School Racial Segregation
		School Choice: Education Vouchers and Charter Schools
		School Violence
		Focus on Higher Education
			Cost
			Floundering Students
			Social Class and Race in Admissions
			Graduation Rates
	16.6: End-of-Chapter Material
	Endnotes
Chapter 17: Religion
	17.1: Social Issues in the News
	17.2: Religion as a Social Institution
	17.3: Religion in Historical and Cross-Cultural Perspective
		Key World Religions Today
	17.4: Sociological Perspectives on Religion
		The Functions of Religion
		Religion, Inequality, and Conflict
		Symbolic Interactionism and Religion
	17.5: Types of Religious Organizations
		Church: The Ecclesia and Denomination
			The Megachurch
		Sect
		Cult
	17.6: Religion in the United States
		Religious Affiliation and Religious Identification
		Correlates of Religious Affiliation
		Religiosity
		Knowledge About Religion
		Religiosity and College Students
	17.7: Trends in Religious Belief and Activity
		Secularization
		The Rise of Religious Conservatism
	17.8: End-of-Chapter Material
	Endnotes
Chapter 18: Health and Medicine
	18.1: Social Issues in the News
	18.2: Understanding Health, Medicine, and Society
		The Sociological Approach to Health and Medicine
		Sociological Perspectives on Health and Medicine
			The Functionalist Approach
			The Conflict Approach
			The Symbolic Interactionist Approach
	18.3: Health and Medicine in International Perspective
		International Disparities in Health and Illness
		Health Care in Industrial Nations
	18.4: Health and Illness in the United States
		The Social Epidemiology of Physical Health
			Social Class
			Race and Ethnicity
			Gender
		Mental Health and Mental Illness
	18.5: Medicine and Health Care in the United States
		The Rise of Scientific Medicine
		U.S. Health Care and the Industrial World
			The U.S. Health-Care Model
		Issues in U.S. Health Care
			The High Cost of Health Care
			Racial and Gender Bias in Health Care
			Other Problems in the Quality of Care
			Medical Ethics and Medical Fraud
	18.6: End-of-Chapter Material
	Endnotes
Part 5: Social Change
Chapter 19: Population and Urbanization
	19.1: Social Issues in the News
	19.2: Population
		Fertility and Birth Rates
		Mortality and Death Rates
		Migration
	19.3: Population Growth and Decline
		Views of Population Growth
		Demographic Transition Theory
		Population Decline and Pronatalism
			Immigration
	19.4: Urbanization
		Views of the City
		Urbanism and Tolerance
		Life in U.S. Cities
		Types of Urban Residents
		Problems of City Life
			Fiscal Problems
			Crowding
			Housing
			Traffic and Pollution
			Public Education
			Crime
		Global Urbanization
	19.5: Rural Life
		Rural Health and Rural Education
		Rural Poverty
		Domestic Violence
	19.6: End-of-Chapter Material
	Endnotes
Chapter 20: Social Change and the Environment
	20.1: Social Issues in the News
	20.2: Understanding Social Change
		Modernization
		Sociological Perspectives on Social Change
			The Functionalist Understanding
			Conflict Theory
	20.3: Sources of Social Change
		Population Growth and Composition
		Culture and Technology
		Cultural Lag
		The Natural Environment
		Social Conflict: War and Protest
	20.4: Society and the Environment
		Air Pollution
		Global Climate Change
		Water Pollution and Inadequate Sanitation
		Hazardous Waste Sites
	20.5: Understanding the Environment
		Human Activity and Decision Making
		Environmental Inequality and Environmental Racism
	20.6: End-of-Chapter Material
	Endnotes
Chapter 21: Collective Behavior and Social Movements
	21.1: Social Issues in the News
	21.2: Types of Collective Behavior
		Crowds
			Casual Crowd
			Conventional Crowd
			Expressive Crowd
			Acting Crowd
			Protest Crowd
		Riots
			Types of Riots
		Social Movements
		Disaster Behavior
		Rumors, Mass Hysteria, and Moral Panics
		Fads and Crazes
	21.3: Explaining Collective Behavior
		Contagion Theory
		Convergence Theory
		Emergent Norm Theory
		Value-Added Theory
	21.4: Social Movements
		Understanding Social Movements
		Types of Social Movements
		The Origins of Social Movements
			Discontent with Existing Conditions and Relative Deprivation
			Social Networks and Recruitment
			Resource Mobilization and Political Opportunities
		The Life Cycle of Social Movements
		How Social Movements Make a Difference
	21.5: End-of-Chapter Material
	Endnotes
Chapter 22: Conclusion: Understanding and Changing the Social World
	22.1: What Have You Learned From This Book?
	22.2: Public Sociology and Improving Society
		Reducing Social Inequality
		Enhancing Public Safety
		Helping the Family and Schools
		Improving the Nation’s Health
		Improving the Global Society
	22.3: A Final Word
	Endnotes
Index