Sociology in modules

Cover
Title Page
Copyright Page
Dedication
About the Author
Brief Contents
Contents
Chapter Opening Excerpts
Boxed Features
Social Policy Sections
Maps
Tracking Sociological Perspectives Tables
Summing Up Tables
Acknowledgments
Freface
1 Understanding Sociology
	1 What Is Sociology?
		The Sociological Imagination
		Sociology and the Social Sciences
		Sociology and Common Sense
		What Is Sociological Theory?
	2 The Development of Sociology
		Early Thinkers
			Auguste Comte
			Harriet Martineau
			Herbert Spencer
		Émile Durkheim
		Max Weber
		Karl Marx
		W. E. B. DuBois
		Twentieth-Century Developments
			Charles Horton Cooley
			Jane Addams
			Robert Merton
			Pierre Bourdieu
	3 Major Theoretical Perspectives
		Functionalist Perspective
			Manifest and Latent Functions
			Dysfunctions
		Conflict Perspective
			The Marxist View
			The Feminist Perspective
			Queer Theory
		Interactionist Perspective
		The Sociological Approach
	4 Taking Sociology with You
		Applied and Clinical Sociology
		Developing a Sociological Imagination
			Theory in Practice
			Research Today
			Our Wired World
			Thinking Globally
			The Significance of Social Inequality
			Speaking across Race, Gender, and Religious Boundaries
			Social Policy throughout the World
		Appendix: Careers in Sociology
		Mastering This Chapter
2 Sociological Research
	5 What Is the Scientific Method?
		Defining the Problem
		Reviewing the Literature
		Formulating the Hypothesis
		Collecting and Analyzing Data
			Selecting the Sample
			Ensuring Validity and Reliability
		Developing the Conclusion
			Supporting Hypotheses
			Controlling for Other Factors
		In Summary: The Scientific Method
	6 Major Research Designs
		Surveys
		Ethnography
		Experiments
		Use of Existing Sources
	7 Ethics of Research
		Confidentiality
		Conflict of Interest
		Value Neutrality
	8 Developments of Methodology
		Feminist Methodology
		Queer Theory and Methodology
		The Data-Rich Future
		Social Policy and Sociological Research: Studying Human Sexuality
		Appendix I: Using Statistics and Graphs
			Using Statistics
			Reading Graphs
		Appendix II: Writing a Research Report
			Finding Information
			Writing the Report
		Mastering This Chapter
3 Culture
	9 What Is Culture?
		Cultural Universals
		Ethnocentrism
		Cultural Relativism
		Sociobiology and Culture
	10 Elements of Culture
		Role of Language
			Language: Written and Spoken
			Nonverbal Communication
		Norms and Values
			Norms
			Values
		Global Culture War
		Sociological Perspectives on Culture
	11 Development of Culture around the World
		Innovation
		Globalization, Diffusion, and Technology
	12 Cultural Variation
		Subcultures
		Countercultures
		Culture Shock
		Social Policy and Culture: Bilingualism
		Mastering This Chapter
4 Socialization and the Life Course
	13 The Role of Socialization
		Social Environment: The Impact of Isolation
			Extreme Isolation: Isabelle
			Extreme Neglect: Romanian Orphans
			Primate Studies
		The Influence of Heredity
	14 The Self and Socialization through the Life Course
		Sociological Approaches to the Self
			Cooley: Looking-Glass Self
			Mead: Stages of the Self
			Mead: Theory of the Self
			Goffman: Presentation of the Self
		Psychological Approaches to the Self
		Socialization throughout the Life Course
			The Life Course
		Anticipatory Socialization and Resocialization
	15 Agents of Socialization
		Family
		School
		Peer Group
		Mass Media and Technology
		Workplace
		Religion and the State
		Social Policy and Sociological Research: Child Care around the World
		Mastering This Chapter
5 Social Interaction, Groups, and Social Structure
	16 Social Interaction and Social Structure
		Social Interaction and Reality
		Elements of Social Structure
			Statuses
			Social Roles
			Groups
			Social Networks
			Social Institutions
	17 Social Structure in Global Perspective
		Durkheim’s Mechanical and Organic Solidarity
		Tönnies’s Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft
		Lenski’s Sociocultural Evolution Approach
			Preindustrial Societies
			Industrial Societies
			Postindustrial and Postmodern Societies
	18 Understanding Groups
		Types of Groups
			Primary and Secondary Groups
			In-Groups and Out-Groups
			Reference Groups
			Coalitions
	19 Understanding Organizations
		Formal Organizations and Bureaucracies
		Characteristics of a Bureaucracy
			Bureaucratization as a Process
			Oligarchy: Rule by a Few
		Bureaucracy and Organizational Culture
		Social Policy and Organizations: The State of the Unions Worldwide
		Mastering This Chapter
6 Mass Media and Social Media
	20 Sociological Perspectives on the Media
		Functionalist Perspective
			Agent of Socialization
			Enforcer of Social Norms
			Promotion of Consumption
			Dysfunction: The Narcotizing Effect
		Conflict Perspective
			Gatekeeping
			Media Monitoring
			Dominant Ideology: Constructing Reality
			Dominant Ideology: Whose Culture?
			The Digital Divide
		Feminist Perspective
		Interactionist Perspective
	21 The Audience
		Who Is in the Audience?
		The Segmented Audience
		Audience Behavior
	22 The Media’s Global Reach
		Social Policy and the Media: Censorship
		Mastering This Chapter
7 Deviance, Crime, and Social Control
	23 Social Control
		Conformity and Obedience
			The Milgram Experiment
			Reflecting on the Milgram Experiment
		Informal and Formal Social Control
		Law and Society
	24 What Is Deviance?
		Deviance and Social Stigma
		Deviance and Technology
		Sociological Perspectives on Deviance
			Functionalist Perspective
			Interactionist Perspective
			Labeling Perspective
			Conflict Perspective
			Feminist Perspective
	25 Crime
		Types of Crime
			Victimless Crimes
			Professional Crime
			Organized Crime
			White-Collar and Technology-Based Crime
			Hate Crime
			Transnational Crime
		Crime Statistics
			Index Crimes and Victimization Surveys
			Crime Trends
			International Crime Rates
		Social Policy and Social Control: Gun Control
		Mastering This Chapter
8 Stratification and Social Mobility in the United States
	26 Systems of Stratification
		Four Forms of Stratification
			Slavery
			Castes
			Estates
			Social Classes
		Sociological Perspectives on Stratification
			Karl Marx’s View of Class Differentiation
			Max Weber’s View of Stratification
			Interactionist Perspective
		Is Stratification Universal?
			Functionalist Perspective
			Conflict Perspective
			Lenski’s Viewpoint
	27 Stratification by Social Class
		Objective Method of Measuring Social Class
			Gender and Occupational Prestige
			Multiple Measures
		Income and Wealth
	28 Poverty and Social Mobility
		Studying Poverty
			Who Are the Poor?
			Feminization of Poverty
			The Underclass
			Explaining Poverty
		Life Chances
		Social Mobility
			Open versus Closed Stratification Systems
			Types of Social Mobility
			Social Mobility in the United States
		Social Policy and Stratification: Executive Compensation
		Mastering This Chapter
9 Global Inequality
	29 Stratification in the World System
		The Global Divide
		The Legacy of Colonialism
		Poverty Worldwide
		Millennium Development Goals
		Multinational Corporations
			Functionalist Perspective
			Conflict Perspective
		Modernization
	30 Stratification within Nations: A Comparative Perspective
		Distribution of Wealth and Income
		Social Mobility
			Mobility in Industrial Nations
			Mobility in Developing Nations
			Gender Differences in Mobility
		Social Policy and Global Inequality: Rethinking Welfare in Europe and North America
		Mastering This Chapter
10 Racial and Ethnic Inequality
	31 Minority, Racial, and Ethnic Groups
		Minority Groups
		Race
			Social Construction of Race
			Recognition of Multiple Identities
		Ethnicity
		Prejudice and Discrimination
			Prejudice
			Color-Blind Racism
			Discriminatory Behavior
			The Privileges of the Dominant
			Institutional Discrimination
	32 Sociological Perspectives on Race and Ethnicity
		Functionalist Perspective
		Conflict Perspective
		Labeling Perspective
		Interactionist Perspective
		Spectrum of Intergroup Relations
			Genocide
			Segregation
			Amalgamation
			Assimilation
			Pluralism
	33 Race and Ethnicity in the United States
		African Americans
		Native Americans
		Asian Pacific Americans
			Chinese Americans
			Asian Indians
			Filipino Americans
			Vietnamese Americans
			Korean Americans
			Japanese Americans
		Arab Americans
		Latinos
			Mexican Americans
			Puerto Ricans
			Cuban Americans
			Central and South Americans
		Jewish Americans
		White Ethnics
		Immigration and Continuing Diversity
		Social Policy and Racial and Ethnic Inequality: Global Refugee Crisis
		Mastering This Chapter
11 Stratification by Gender and Sexuality
	34 Social Construction of Gender
		Gender Roles in the United States
			Gender-Role Socialization
			Women’s Gender Roles
			Men’s Gender Roles
		Cross-Cultural Perspective
		Sociological Perspectives on Gender
			Functionalist Perspective
			Conflict Perspective
			Feminist Perspective
			Intersections with Race, Class, and Other Social Factors
			Interactionist Perspective
	35 Labeling and Human Sexuality
		Gender and Human Sexuality
		Labeling and Identity
	36 Women: The Oppressed Majority
		Sexism and Sex Discrimination
		The Status of Women Worldwide
		The Workforce of the United States
			Labor Force Participation
			Compensation
			Social Consequences of Women’s Employment
		Emergence of a Collective Consciousness
		Social Policy and Gender Stratification: Workplace Sexual Harassment
		Mastering This Chapter
12 Stratification by Age
	37 Aging and Society
		Age Stratification
		Sociological Perspectives on Aging
			Functionalist Perspective
			Interactionist Perspective
			Labeling Perspective
			Conflict Perspective
	38 Aging Worldwide
		Role Transitions throughout the Life Course
			The Sandwich Generation
			Adjusting to Retirement
			Death and Dying
	39 Age Stratification in the United States
		The “Graying of America”
		Wealth and Income
		Ageism
			Competition between Generations in the Labor Force
		The Elderly: Emergence of a Collective Consciousness
		Social Policy and Age Stratification: The Right to Die Worldwide
		Mastering This Chapter
13 The Family and Household Diversity
	40 Global View of the Family
		Universal Principles
			Composition: What Is the Family?
			Kinship Patterns: To Whom Are We Related?
			Authority Patterns: Who Rules?
		Sociological Perspectives on the Family
			Functionalist Perspective
			Conflict Perspective
			Interactionist Perspective
			Feminist Perspective
	41 Marriage and Family
		Courtship and Mate Selection
			Aspects of Mate Selection
			The Love Relationship
		Variations in Family Life and Intimate Relationships
			Social Class Differences
			Racial and Ethnic Differences
		Child-Rearing Patterns
			Parenthood and Grandparenthood
			Adoption
			Dual-Income Families
			Single-Parent Families
			Stepfamilies
	42 Alternatives to Traditional Families
		Divorce
			Statistical Trends in Divorce
			Factors Associated with Divorce
			Impact of Divorce on Children
		Lesbian and Gay Relationships
		Diverse Lifestyles
			Cohabitation
			Remaining Single
			Married without Children
		Social Policy and the Family: Family Leave Worldwide
		Mastering This Chapter
14 Education
	43 Sociological Perspectives on Education
		Functionalist Perspective
			Transmitting Culture
			Promoting Social and Political Integration
			Maintaining Social Control
			Serving as an Agent of Change
		Conflict Perspective
			The Hidden Curriculum
			Credentialism
			Bestowal of Status
		Feminist Perspective
		Interactionist Perspective
	44 Schools as Formal Organizations
		Bureaucratization of Schools
		Teachers: Employees and Instructors
		Student Subcultures
		Homeschooling
		Social Policy and Education: Charter Schools
		Mastering This Chapter
15 Religion
	45 The Sociological Approach to Religion
		Durkheim and the Importance of Religion
		Sociological Perspectives on Religion
			The Integrative Function of Religion
			Religion and Social Support
			Religion and Social Change
			Religion and Social Control: A Conflict Perspective
			Feminist Perspective
	46 World Religions
		Components of Religion
			Belief
			Ritual
			Experience
	47 Religious Organization
		Four Basic Forms of Organization
			Ecclesiae
			Denominations
			Sects
			New Religious Movements or Cults
			Comparing Forms of Religious Organization
		Social Policy and Religion: Religion in the Schools
		Mastering This Chapter
16 Government and the Economy
	48 Government, Power, and Authority
		Power
		Types of Authority
			Traditional Authority
			Rational-Legal Authority
			Charismatic Authority
		Types of Government
			Monarchy
			Oligarchy
			Dictatorship and Totalitarianism
			Democracy
		War and Peace
			War
			Peace
			Terrorism
	49 Political Behavior and Power in the United States
		Participation and Apathy
		Race and Gender in Politics
		Models of Power Structure in the United States
			Power Elite Models
			Pluralist Model
	50 Economic Systems
		Capitalism
		Socialism
		The Informal Economy
	51 Changing Economies
		The Changing Face of the Workforce
		Deindustrialization
		The Sharing Economy
		The Temporary Workforce
		Offshoring
		Social Policy and the Economy: Microfinancing
		Mastering This Chapter
17 Health, Population, and the Environment
	52 Sociological Perspectives on Health and Illness
		Functionalist Perspective
		Conflict Perspective
			The Medicalization of Society
			Inequities in Health Care
		Interactionist Perspective
		Labeling Perspective
	53 Social Epidemiology and Health Care in the United States
		Social Epidemiology
			Social Class
			Race and Ethnicity
			Gender
			Age
			Gender Identity
		Health Care in the United States
			A Historical View
			Physicians and Patients
			Alternatives to Traditional Health Care
			The Role of Government
	54 What Is Mental Illness?
		Theoretical Models of Mental Disorders
		Patterns of Care
	55 Population
		Demography: The Study of Population
			Malthus’s Thesis and Marx’s Response
			Studying Population Today
			Elements of Demography
		World Population Patterns
			Demographic Transition
			The Population Explosion
		Fertility Patterns in the United States
			The Baby Boom
			Stable Population Growth
		Migration
			International Migration
			Internal Migration
	56 Sociological Perspectives on the Environment
		Human Ecology
		Conflict Perspective on the Environment
		Ecological Modernization
		Environmental Justice
		Environmental Issues
			Air Pollution
			Water Pollution
			Climate Change
		Social Policy and the Environment: Environmentalism
		Mastering This Chapter
18 Social Change in the Global Community
	57 Collective Behavior
		Theories of Collective Behavior
			Emergent-Norm Perspective
			Value-Added Perspective
			Assembling Perspective
		Forms of Collective Behavior
			Crowds
			Disaster Behavior
			Fads and Fashions
			Panics and Crazes
			Rumors
			Publics and Public Opinion
	58 Social Movements
		The Emergence of Social Movements
			Relative Deprivation Approach
			Resource Mobilization Approach
			Gender and Social Movements
			New Social Movements
		Communications and the Globalization of Social Movements
	59 Social Change
		Theories of Social Change
			Evolutionary Theory
			Functionalist Perspective
			Conflict Perspective
		Resistance to Social Change
			Economic and Cultural Factors
			Resistance to Technology
	60 Global Social Change
		Anticipating Change
		Social Change in Dubai
		Technology and the Future
			Computer Technology
			Artificial Intelligence
			Privacy and Censorship in a Global Village
			Biotechnology and the Gene Pool
		Social Policy and Globalization: Transnationals
		Mastering This Chapter
Glossary
References
Name Index
Subject Index