Social Research In Developing Countries: Surveys And Censuses In The Third World

BOOK COVER......Page 1
TITLE......Page 2
COPYRIGHT......Page 3
CONTENTS......Page 4
PREFACE......Page 7
NOTES ABOUT THE CONTRIBUTOR......Page 11
SECTION I INTRODUCTION......Page 18
CHAPTER 1 GENERAL INTRODUCTION......Page 20
The limitations of administrative data......Page 21
The rationale for this book......Page 23
The population census......Page 25
The case-study method......Page 26
Reliability......Page 27
Administrative convenience......Page 28
Can third world surveys yield reliable and valid data?......Page 29
The research process......Page 36
Political and ethical difficulties of research in developing countries......Page 38
References......Page 39
SECTION II RESEARCH STRATEGY......Page 44
CHAPTER 2 RESEARCH STRATEGY......Page 46
Censuses......Page 48
Social surveys......Page 49
Employment surveys......Page 51
Fertility surveys......Page 55
Cautions about surveys......Page 57
References......Page 58
CHAPTER 3 POPULATION CENSUSES AND NATIONAL SAMPLE SURVEYS IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES......Page 60
Statistical organization and experience......Page 61
The population......Page 62
Public support and understanding......Page 63
Planning and organization......Page 64
Setting up of statistical organization......Page 65
The questionnaire, its concepts and definitions......Page 66
Geographical breakdown......Page 67
Supervision and control......Page 68
References......Page 70
CHAPTER 4 SAMPLE SURVEYS FOR SOCIAL SCIENCE IN UNDERDEVELOPED AREAS......Page 72
Feasibility of the sample survey......Page 73
Reliability and validity of survey data......Page 76
Conclusion......Page 81
References......Page 82
Utilization of the sample survey......Page 84
References......Page 88
CHAPTER 6 SITUATIONAL VARIABLES......Page 90
Gatekeepers......Page 92
Respondents......Page 96
Samples......Page 98
Methods......Page 100
Personal characteristics......Page 103
Conclusions......Page 105
References......Page 106
SECTION III SAMPLING......Page 108
CHAPTER 7 SAMPLING......Page 110
Resource limitations......Page 111
Limitations of sampling frames......Page 112
Alternatives to pre-existing frames......Page 113
Area sampling......Page 114
The limitations of probability sampling......Page 115
References......Page 118
Limitations in resources......Page 120
Accuracy limitations......Page 122
The size of the sampie......Page 124
The rote of the theory......Page 125
References......Page 127
History and objectives......Page 128
Methods of data collection......Page 129
Periodic progressive estimates......Page 130
Frames used in the NSS......Page 131
Rural frame ofcensus villages......Page 132
Urban frame survey......Page 133
Multisubject integrated survey......Page 134
Use of parallel samples......Page 135
Stratification in rural areas......Page 136
Allocation of samples......Page 137
Sampling of villages......Page 138
Determination of sample size......Page 139
Conclusion......Page 140
References......Page 141
Introduction......Page 144
Survey methods and random sampling......Page 145
Sampling and non-sampling errors......Page 149
The purposes and limits of estimation......Page 151
The importance of relationships compared with incomes......Page 152
The benefits of non-random, purposive sampling......Page 153
Comparative features of qualitative and quantitative research......Page 155
References and bibliography......Page 159
SECTION IV DATA COLLECTION......Page 162
Introduction......Page 164
Goals and strategies......Page 165
Questionnaire design......Page 167
Conceptual equivalence......Page 171
Equivalence in measurement......Page 172
Equivalence of response......Page 174
Reliability, validity, and relevance......Page 175
References......Page 177
Research as a supplement to fieldwork......Page 180
Drafting the questionnaire......Page 181
Representative methods of sekction......Page 182
Practical problems......Page 183
Personnel......Page 184
CHAPTER 13 DESIGNING A QUESTIONNAIRE FOR POLYNESIAN AND PAKEHA CAR ASSEMBLY WORKERS......Page 186
Fifth attempt......Page 188
Eighth and final attempt......Page 189
References......Page 191
Introduction......Page 192
Multilingualism and linguistic equivalence......Page 193
Previous research......Page 194
The database......Page 195
Analysis and results......Page 196
Conclusion......Page 199
References......Page 200
Introduction......Page 202
Design......Page 203
Results......Page 205
Discussion......Page 208
References......Page 210
Introduction......Page 212
Lifetime fertility......Page 213
Reporting of siblings......Page 216
Current fertility......Page 217
Mistranslation......Page 218
Maternity histories......Page 219
References......Page 220
SECTION V INTERVIEWING AND FIELD ORGANIZATION......Page 222
CHAPTER 17 INTERVIEWING AND FIELD ORGANIZATION......Page 224
Background characteristics......Page 225
Psychological and behavioural factors......Page 226
More specific sources of non-response error......Page 228
Remedies for errors and biases......Page 232
References......Page 235
CHAPTER 18 SURVEY MATERIALS COLLECTED IN THE DEVELOPING COUNTRIES: SAMPLING, MEASUREMENT, AND INTERVIEWING OBSTACLES…......Page 238
Poor workmanship......Page 239
Coverage and comparability of sampling frames......Page 240
Cluster and quota sampling......Page 241
Social and cultural accessibility (non-completion rates)......Page 243
Sophistication and meaningless evidence......Page 245
Conceptual and linguistic equivalence......Page 249
Clinical witnesses......Page 251
Courtesy bias......Page 253
Interviewer—respondent status congruency......Page 254
References......Page 256
Village entry......Page 258
The introduction......Page 260
Establishing the role of the interviewer......Page 262
Refusals and non-response......Page 264
Bias and privacy......Page 265
References......Page 268
CHAPTER 20 THE COURTESY BIAS IN SOUTH-EAST ASIAN SURVEYS......Page 270
Courtesy and its elements......Page 271
Eliminating the distorting effects of courtesy......Page 272
Using the positive elements of courtesy......Page 274
The interviewer and courtesy......Page 275
The need for further research......Page 276
Introduction......Page 278
Academy and pilot projects......Page 279
Village women as survey enumerators......Page 280
First entry into the villages......Page 281
Age......Page 282
Household data......Page 283
Knowledge, attitudes and practices concerning family planning......Page 284
Pregnancy roster......Page 285
Fieldwork logistics......Page 286
Conclusion......Page 287
References......Page 288
SECTION VI METHODOLOGICAL MARRIAGES......Page 290
CHAPTER 22 ON METHODOLOGICAL INTEGRATION IN SOCIAL RESEARCH......Page 292
Examples of integration......Page 294
Anthropological studies......Page 295
Reasons for integration......Page 296
Additional categories of information......Page 297
Improved accuracy in measuring a single phenomenon......Page 298
Qualitative depth......Page 300
Generalizability of findings across units......Page 301
tiistorical interpretation......Page 302
Testing associations......Page 304
Types of overlap......Page 306
Convergent overlap......Page 307
Divergent overlap......Page 308
Inconclusive overlap......Page 309
Limited competence......Page 310
Costs......Page 311
Opportunities......Page 312
References......Page 313
Introduction......Page 316
Combining surveys and anthropological field methods......Page 318
On hard and soft data......Page 320
Problems in the integration of methods......Page 321
Culture......Page 323
On restudies and team research......Page 326
On the uses of historical data......Page 327
References......Page 329
SECTION VII ETHICAL AND POLITICAL ISSUES IN SOCIAL RESEARCH......Page 330
CHAPTER 24 THE POLITICS AND ETHICS OF FIELD RESEARCH......Page 332
Research Politics......Page 333
Sponsorship......Page 334
Research topic......Page 335
Staffing and collaboration......Page 336
Access......Page 337
Conceptualization and research design......Page 339
Interpretation and dissemination......Page 340
The ethics of cross-cultural research......Page 341
Professional relations......Page 342
Obligations to the population studied......Page 343
Professional standards in research......Page 344
Analysis, interpretation, and dissemination of findings......Page 345
Notes......Page 346
References......Page 347
The existence of alternative political projects......Page 348
Commitment demands of the generalized alternatives......Page 350
Social concreteness of scientific research......Page 352
Political correspondence of scientific paradigms......Page 353
The experimenting society and radical social reform......Page 355
The extrinsic definition of the role ofthe social scientist......Page 356
The insertion of scientific inputs in higher levels of control......Page 359
An evaluation model of social research......Page 361
Redefining the scientific community......Page 362
References......Page 363
CHAPTER 26 THE KAP SURVEY: DICTATES OF MISSION VERSUS DEMANDS OF SCIENCE......Page 366
The politics of the KAP survey......Page 367
Conceptualization......Page 371
Questionnaire design......Page 372
Interviewing and quality control......Page 375
Analysis and interpretation......Page 376
The ethics of policy research......Page 378
References......Page 379
Introduction......Page 382
Context and setting......Page 383
The prelude......Page 384
The research project......Page 385
The incident itself......Page 387
An analytical summary......Page 389
Notes......Page 392
References......Page 393
AUTHOR INDEX......Page 398
SUBJECT INDEX......Page 400