Social Psychology

Cover --
Social Psychology --
Brief contents --
Contents --
Advisory editorial board --
Preface --
About the authors --
Publisher\'s acknowledgements --
Guided tour --
Introducing social psychology --
What is social psychology? --
Social psychology and its close neighbours --
Topics of social psychology --
Methodological issues --
Scientific method --
Experiments --
Non-experimental methods --
Data and analysis --
Research ethics --
Physical welfare of participants --
Respect for privacy --
Use of deception --
Informed consent --
Debriefing --
Theoretical issues --
Theories in social psychology --
Social psychology in crisis --
Reductionism and levels of explanation --
Positivism --
Historical context --
Social psychology in the nineteenth century --
The rise of experimentation --
Later influences --
The journals --
Social psychology in Europe --
About this book --
Summary --
Literature, film and TV --
Learn more --
Social cognition and social thinking --
Social psychology and cognition --
A short history of cognition in social psychology --
Forming impressions of other people --
Asch\'s configural model --
Biases in forming impressions --
Cognitive algebra --
Social schemas and categories --
Types of schema --
Categories and prototypes --
Categorisation and stereotyping --
Schema use and development --
Schema use --
Acquisition, development and change --
Social encoding --
Salience --
Vividness --
Accessibility --
Person memory --
Contents of person memory --
Organisation of person memory --
Using person memory --
Social inference --
Departures from normality --
Heuristics --
Improving social inference --
Affect and emotion --
Antecedents of affect --
Consequences of affect --
Where is the \'social\' in social cognition? --
Summary --
Literature, film and TV --
Learn more --
Attribution and social explanation --
Social explanation. Basic attribution processes --
Heider\'s theory of naive psychology --
Jones and Davis\'s theory of correspondent inference --
Kelley\'s covariation model --
Extensions of attribution theory --
Emotional lability --
Self-perception theory --
Weiner\'s attributional theory --
Applications of attribution theory --
Individual differences and attributional styles --
Interpersonal relationships --
Biases in attribution --
Correspondence bias and the fundamental attribution error --
The actor-observer effect --
The false consensus effect --
Self-serving biases --
Intergroup attribution --
Attribution and stereotyping --
Social knowledge and societal attributions --
Social representations --
Rumour --
Conspiracy theories --
Societal attributions --
Culture\'s contribution --
Summary --
Literature, film and TV --
Learn more --
Self and identity --
Who are you? --
Self and identity in historical context --
Psychodynamic self --
Individual versus collective self --
Collective self --
Symbolic interactionist self --
Self-awareness --
Self-knowledge --
Self-schemas --
Regulatory focus theory --
Inferences from our behaviour --
Social comparison and self-knowledge --
Selves and identities --
Types of self and identity --
Contextual sensitivity of self and identity --
In search of self-conceptual coherence --
Social identity theory --
Social identity and personal identity --
Processes of social identity salience --
Some consequences of social identity salience --
Self-motives --
Self-assessment and self-verification --
Self-enhancement --
Self-esteem --
Self-esteem and social identity --
Individual differences --
In pursuit of self-esteem --
Self-presentation and impression management --
Strategic self-presentation --
Expressive self-presentation --
Cultural differences in self and identity --
Summary --
Literature, film and TV --
Learn more --
Attitudes. Structure and function of attitudes --
Background --
How many components? --
Function of attitudes --
Cognitive consistency --
Cognition and evaluation --
Decision making and attitudes --
Can attitudes predict behaviour? --
Beliefs, intentions and behaviour --
Attitude accessibility --
Attitude strength --
Moderator variables --
Forming attitudes --
Behavioural approaches --
Cognitive development --
Sources of learning --
Concepts related to attitudes --
Values --
Ideology --
Social representations --
Measuring attitudes --
Attitude scales --
Using attitude scales today --
Physiological measures --
Measures of overt behaviour --
Measuring covert attitudes --
Concluding thoughts --
Summary --
Literature, film and TV --
Learn more --
Persuasion and attitude change --
Attitudes, arguments and behaviour --
Persuasive communications --
The communicator --
The message --
The audience --
Dual-process models of persuasion --
Compliance --
Tactics for enhancing compliance --
Action research --
Attitude-behaviour discrepancy and cognitive dissonance --
Effort justification --
Induced compliance --
Free choice --
The role of self --
Vicarious dissonance --
Alternative views to dissonance --
A new look at cognitive dissonance --
Resistance to persuasion --
Reactance --
Forewarning --
The inoculation effect --
Role of attitude accessibility and strength --
Summary --
Literature, film and TV --
Learn more --
Social influence --
Types of social influence --
Compliance, obedience, conformity --
Power and influence --
Obedience to authority --
Milgram\'s obedience studies --
Factors influencing obedience --
Some ethical considerations --
Conformity --
The formation and influence of norms --
Yielding to majority group pressure --
Who conforms? Individual and group characteristics --
Situational factors in conformity --
Processes of conformity. Minority influence and social change --
Conformity bias --
Behavioural style and the genetic model --
Conversion theory --
Convergent-divergent theory --
Social identity and self-categorisation --
Vested interest and the leniency contract --
Attribution and social impact --
Two processes or one? --
Summary --
Literature, film and TV --
Learn more --
People in groups --
What is a group? --
Categories and group entitativity --
Common-bond and common-identity groups --
Groups and aggregates --
Definitions --
The effect of the group on individual performance --
Mere presence and audience effects: social facilitation --
Classification of group tasks --
Social loafing and social impact --
Group cohesiveness --
Group socialisation --
Norms --
Group structure --
Roles --
Status --
Communication networks --
Subgroups and crosscutting categories --
Deviants and marginal members --
Why do people join groups? --
Reasons for joining groups --
Motivations for affiliation and group formation --
Why not join groups? --
Summary --
Literature, film and TV --
Learn more --
Leadership and decision making --
Leaders and group decisions --
Leadership --
Defining leadership --
Personality traits and individual differences --
Situational perspectives --
What leaders do --
Contingency theories --
Transactional leadership --
Transformational leadership --
Charisma and charismatic leadership --
Leader perceptions and leadership schemas --
Social identity and leadership --
Trust and leadership --
Gender gaps and glass ceilings --
Intergroup leadership --
Group decision making --
Brainstorming --
Group memory --
Groupthink --
Group polarisation --
Jury decision making --
Summary --
Literature, film and TV --
Learn More --
Prejudice and discrimination --
Nature and dimensions of prejudice --
Prejudiced attitudes and discriminatory behaviour. Targets of prejudice and discrimination --
Sexism --
Racism --
Ageism --
Discrimination against homosexuals --
Discrimination on the basis of physical or mental handicap --
Forms of discrimination --
Reluctance to help --
Tokenism --
Reverse discrimination --
Stigma and other effects of prejudice --
Social stigma --
Self-worth, self-esteem and psychological well-being --
Stereotype threat --
Failure and disadvantage --
Attributional ambiguity --
Self-fulfilling prophecies --
Dehumanisation, violence and genocide --
Explanations of prejudice and discrimination --
Frustration-aggression --
The authoritarian personality --
Dogmatism and closed-mindedness --
Right-wing authoritarianism --
Social dominance theory --
Belief congruence --
Other explanations --
Summary --
Literature, film and TV --
Learn more --
Intergroup behaviour --
What is intergroup behaviour? --
Relative deprivation and social unrest --
Relative deprivation --
Social protest and collective action --
Realistic conflict --
Realistic conflict theory --
Cooperation, competition and social dilemmas --
Social identity --
Minimal groups --
Social identity theory --
Social cognition --
Categorisation and relative homogeneity --
Memory --
Distinctive stimuli and illusory correlation --
Optimal distinctiveness --
Intergroup emotions --
Collective behaviour and the crowd --
Early theories --
Deindividuation and self-awareness --
Emergent norm theory --
Social identity theory --
Improving intergroup relations --
Propaganda and education --
Intergroup contact --
Superordinate goals --
Pluralism and diversity --
Communication and negotiation --
Summary --
Literature, film and TV --
Learn more --
Aggression --
Aggression in our community --
Definitions and measurement --
Defining aggression --
Measuring aggression --
What do the major theories say? --
Biological explanations.