Smart textiles for in situ monitoring of composites

Front Cover......Page 1
Smart Textiles for In Situ Monitoring of Composites......Page 2
 Related Titles......Page 3
Smart Textiles for In Situ Monitoring of Composites......Page 4
Copyright......Page 5
Contents......Page 6
 Smart textiles......Page 8
 References......Page 14
 Further reading......Page 15
 1.2 Smart textiles......Page 26
 1.3 Sensors—definitions and classifications......Page 27
   1.3.1.1 Strain gauges......Page 30
  1.3.2 Capacitive sensors......Page 31
  1.3.3 Piezoelectric sensors......Page 32
  1.3.4 Optical fibers based sensors......Page 34
  1.3.5 Textile strain gauges with mobile electrodes......Page 36
  1.3.6 Piezoresistive textile sensors—conductive polymer composites based......Page 37
   1.3.6.1 Electrical properties and percolation phenomenon......Page 38
   1.3.6.2 Conductive polymer composite behavior in the presence of deformations (elongation and pressure)......Page 41
  1.3.7 Mechanical properties of conductive polymer composites......Page 47
   1.3.7.1 Microruptures phenomenon of piezoresistive coatings......Page 48
  1.4.2 Washability and reliability of connecting devices......Page 52
   1.4.2.2 Washability of silver conductive thread......Page 56
   1.4.2.4 Washability of silver-plated silver copper tinsel......Page 59
   1.4.2.5 Washability of interconnections......Page 63
  1.4.3 Samples for LATEX-based barrier......Page 66
   1.4.3.1 Textiles with three LEDs......Page 67
   1.4.3.2 Textiles with LEDs array......Page 68
  1.4.4 Washing tests......Page 69
   1.4.4.1 Washability of the textiles with three LEDs......Page 70
   1.4.4.2 Washability of the textiles with LEDs array......Page 72
 1.4.5 Conclusion......Page 73
 1.5 Conductive polymers, fibers, and structures......Page 74
  1.5.1 Intrinsically conductive polymers......Page 76
   1.5.1.1 Poly[3,4-(ethylenedioxy)thiophene]......Page 79
   1.5.1.2 Poly[3,4-(ethylenedioxy)thiophene]-compl-poly(4-vinylbenzenesulfonic acid)......Page 80
    Application—Polypyrrole......Page 86
    Application—Polyaniline......Page 87
    Application—PEDOT:PSS (PEDOT-compl-PSS)......Page 88
    Secondary dopant......Page 91
  1.5.3 Sensors based on conductive textiles structures......Page 97
   1.5.3.1 Comparative studies of different types of yarns and structures......Page 98
   1.5.3.3 Implementation by in situ polymerization......Page 100
   1.5.3.4 Piezoresistive coating compounds......Page 102
   1.5.3.5 Fibrous piezoresistive strain gauges......Page 103
  1.5.4 Fibrous sensors based on piezoresistive filaments......Page 114
  1.5.5 Conclusion......Page 119
 1.6 Materials and sensors for glass fibers based composites monitoring......Page 120
  1.6.1 Preparation of the aqueous dispersion of conducting polymer complex, Poly[3,4-(ethylenedioxy)thiophene-compl-poly(4-vinylbe .........Page 122
  1.6.2 Textile sensors development steps......Page 144
  1.6.3 Electrical resistance detection of copper wires......Page 147
  1.6.4 Textile sensors production according to percolation threshold final study......Page 148
  1.6.5 Design and production of laboratory equipment for performing new coating method by using metal rollers onto the yarn and pr .........Page 149
  1.6.6 Procedure conditions determination for performing new coating method by using metal rollers onto the yarn......Page 152
  1.6.7 Characterization of textile sensors before insertion in textile preforms—methods used......Page 153
   1.6.7.1 Scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive spectroscopy of yarns and textile sensors......Page 154
   1.6.7.3 Electromechanical characterization of produced textile sensors......Page 156
   1.6.7.4 Conductivity dependence of textile sensors on climatic conditions......Page 157
   1.6.7.5 Consolidation of 2D textile preforms and textile sensors connection with measuring instrument......Page 158
   1.6.7.6 Electromechanical characterization of textile reinforced 2D thermoplastic composites with integrated textile sensors......Page 159
   1.6.7.8 Thermal properties determination......Page 160
   1.6.7.10 Microscale Combustion Calorimetry analysis......Page 161
   1.6.7.12 Interface phenomena of sensor yarns and related textile reinforced 2D thermoplastic composites......Page 163
   1.6.7.13 Adhesion parameters at the interface......Page 166
 References......Page 167
 Further reading......Page 171
  2.1.1 Introduction......Page 178
  2.1.2 Laminate fiber reinforced composites......Page 180
   2.2.1.1 2D woven fabric......Page 184
   2.2.1.2 2D weaving process......Page 186
   2.2.1.3 Multilayered (or 3D woven) fabric......Page 188
   2.2.1.5 Multiaxis weaving process......Page 192
   2.2.1.6 Two dimensional multiaxis weaving......Page 193
   2.2.1.7 Multilayer multiaxis weaving......Page 195
   2.2.1.8 Polar multilayer multiaxis weaving......Page 200
   2.2.2.1 Noncrimp fabrics......Page 206
  2.2.3 Braided composites......Page 207
  2.2.4 Z-pinned composites......Page 208
 2.3 Outlook—composite structures......Page 209
  2.4.1 Glass fibers......Page 210
   2.4.1.1 Sheet molding compound/bulk molding compound......Page 211
   2.4.1.5 Glass mat thermoplastic/long fibers thermoplastic......Page 213
  2.4.2 Carbon fibers......Page 214
  2.4.3 Aramid fibers......Page 216
   2.4.3.2 Para-aramid fiber......Page 217
  2.4.4 Natural fibers......Page 218
   2.5.1.3 Epoxy resins......Page 219
   2.5.2.5 Bio-based resins......Page 220
  2.6.4 Performance......Page 221
  2.6.7 Structural identification......Page 222
  2.6.8 Structural health monitoring......Page 223
 2.7 Hybrid structures, production methodology and principles, state of the art......Page 225
 2.8 Hybrid structures—bonding issues—innovative joining techniques......Page 226
  2.8.3 Magnetic pulse welding......Page 228
  2.8.5 Electron beam welding......Page 229
 References......Page 230
 Further Reading......Page 235
 3.2 State of the art of monitoring techniques......Page 242
  3.2.1 Drapability assessment of composite preforms......Page 243
  3.2.2 Biaxial tensile testing of flat structures......Page 244
  3.2.3 Crash tests......Page 245
  3.2.4 Split Hopkinson bar test—characterization under dynamic conditions......Page 246
  3.3.2 Results—viscosity determination of final conductive dispersion used......Page 247
  3.3.4 Results and discussion—electromechanical properties of textile sensors......Page 248
  3.4.1 Textile sensors integration during weaving of 2D fabric, consolidation pretest analysis......Page 254
  3.4.2 Results—GF/PP composites with integrated GF/PP sensors......Page 260
  3.4.3 GF/PP composites with integrated GF sensors......Page 265
  3.4.4 GF/PA66 composites with integrated GF/PA66 or GF sensors......Page 269
 3.5 Results and discussion—interface phenomena......Page 275
 3.6 Results and discussion—tomography analysis of textile reinforced 2D thermoplastic composites with integrated textile sensors......Page 285
 3.7 Results and discussion—electrical resistance dependence of textile sensors on climatic conditions......Page 287
 3.8 Results—SEM and EDS analysis of yarns......Page 289
  3.9.1 Thermogravimetric analysis......Page 295
  3.9.2 Results and discussion—microscale combustion calorimetry analysis......Page 299
  3.9.3 Results and discussion—limiting oxygen index......Page 301
 3.10 Toward wireless structural health monitoring......Page 302
 3.11 Predictive maintenance concept......Page 306
 References......Page 308
 Further reading......Page 309
  4.1.1 Design, production, and characterization of sensory yarns......Page 320
   4.1.2.2 Polyvinilic alcohol......Page 321
   4.1.2.4 Coating method on films......Page 322
   4.1.2.5 Coating method on yarns......Page 323
   4.1.3.1 General shape......Page 324
   4.1.3.3 Precoating with polyvinilic alcohol......Page 325
   4.1.3.5 Sensors protection......Page 327
   4.1.4.1 Yarns testing procedure......Page 328
   4.1.5.1 Measurement method—multimeter Keithley 3706 with data acquisition card 3724......Page 329
   4.1.6.1 Signal filtering......Page 330
   4.1.6.2 Sensors gauge factor calculation......Page 331
   4.1.7.1 Electrical resistivity and computation......Page 332
   4.1.7.2 Percolation threshold......Page 334
  4.1.8 Mechanical behavior of glass fibers......Page 336
   4.1.9.1 Mechanical behavior......Page 339
   4.1.9.2 Electromechanical characterization......Page 340
   4.1.10.1 Mechanical behavior......Page 341
   4.1.10.2 Electromechanical behavior......Page 343
   4.1.10.3 Gauge factor computation......Page 345
   4.1.10.4 Fatigue influence......Page 346
  4.1.11 Conclusion—sensory yarns development......Page 347
  4.1.13 Weaving process and fabrics realized......Page 348
  4.1.14 Weaving on Dornier weaving machine......Page 349
  4.1.15 Stress applied to warp yarns......Page 352
   4.1.16.1 Initial data......Page 353
   4.1.16.3 3D orthogonal interlock fabric cycle......Page 354
   4.1.16.5 Set up of the measurement system, sensory yarns selection......Page 357
   4.1.17.1 Selection of the warp yarn......Page 358
   4.1.17.2 Connecting sensory yarns with Mesdan Jointair 116G splicer......Page 359
   4.1.17.3 Initial sensory yarn position......Page 360
   4.1.17.4 Signal acquisition system......Page 361
  4.1.18 Realization of high-speed videos......Page 362
  4.1.20 Signals generated by sensory yarns at different positions inside weaving loom......Page 363
   4.1.20.2 Measures located in the zone between the warp stop device (rupture detection) and heddles......Page 364
   4.1.20.3 Measures located in the area of frames and heddles......Page 365
   4.1.20.4 Measures located inside the shed (between frames and the commencement of the produced fabric)......Page 366
   4.1.20.5 In situ measures at the commencement of the woven fabric......Page 367
   4.1.20.6 Measures realized inside woven fabric......Page 368
  4.1.22 Exploitation of high-speed videos......Page 369
  4.1.24 General shape of signals......Page 370
   4.1.24.2 Difference of the constraint level between lower and upper positions of the frames......Page 371
  4.1.26 Conclusion......Page 372
 4.2 Study case 2, Stamping process supervision......Page 373
  4.2.1 Stamping procedure......Page 374
  4.2.2 Consolidation of 2D textile preforms with integrated textile sensors......Page 377
  4.2.4 Discussion—stamping test of 3D textile preforms with integrated textile sensors......Page 378
  4.2.5 Conclusion......Page 383
  4.3.2 Measuring system......Page 385
  4.3.3 Initial results and discussion......Page 386
  4.3.4 Sensors' characteristics......Page 387
   4.3.4.2 Sensitivity......Page 388
   4.3.4.4 Time response and recovery time......Page 390
   4.3.5.1 Measuring system......Page 393
  4.3.6 Results......Page 394
 References......Page 396
 Further Reading......Page 397
5 - General conclusion......Page 408
 Acknowledgments......Page 410
 C......Page 412
 E......Page 413
 G......Page 414
 I......Page 415
 M......Page 416
 P......Page 417
 S......Page 418
 T......Page 421
 Z......Page 422
Back Cover......Page 424