Smart Materials in Additive Manufacturing, Volume 1: 4D Printing Principles and Fabrication

Front Cover
Smart Materials in Additive Manufacturing, Volume 1: 4D Printing Principles and Fabrication
Copyright
Dedication
Contents
Contributors
Editors biography
Preface
Acknowledgments
Chapter 1: 4D printing principles and manufacturing
	Introduction
	Series I: Smart materials and structure: 4D printing principles and manufacturing
		4D-printed dielectric elastomer soft robots modeling and fabrications
		4D-printed light-responsive structures
		4D-printed low-voltage electro-active polymers modeling and fabrication
		4D-printed stimuli-responsive hydrogels modeling and fabrication
		4D bioprinting: Fabrication approaches and biomedical applications
		4D microprinting
		4D printing gels and soft materials
		4D printing of natural fiber composite
		Functionalized 4D-printed sensor systems
		Origami-inspired 4D printing
		Reversible 4D printing
		Roadmapping 4D printing through disruptive ideas
	References
Chapter 2: 4D-printed dielectric elastomer soft robots: Modeling and fabrications
	Introduction
	Configurations
	Modeling
		General DEA modeling
		Material selection
		Unimorph and bimorph actuators
	Fabrication
		Conventional DEAs manufacturing
		Partially printed DEAs
		Fabrication of fully printed DEAs
			AM methods
			Materials
			Substrates
			DEA design considerations
			MUDEAs (multilayer unimorph DEAs)
		Progress in fully printed DEAs
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 3: 4D-printed light-responsive structures
	Introduction
	Design principles and activation mechanisms
		Photothermal effect
		cis-transisomerization of azobenzene
		Grayscale exposure effect
		Others
	Light-responsive materials used for 4D printing
		SMPs
		Liquid crystalline materials
		Functional hydrogels
	4D-printed light-responsive behaviors and emerging applications
		Shape deformations
		Soft robots
		Emerging applications
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 4: 4D-printed low-voltage electroactive polymers modeling and fabrication
	Introduction
	Direct ink writing technology
		Basics of direct ink writing
		3D printing system for DIW
	Measurement of polymer sensors and actuators
		Sensing performance test
		Actuation performance test
	4D-printed low-voltage electroactive polymers
		Ionic polymer-metal composites
			Nafion solution printability
			Optimization of printing process
			SWCNT conductive slurry printability
			Printing SWCNT/Nafion sensor
			IPMC based on a printed Nafion membrane
		CNT-based electro-thermal actuators
			Printability of CNT/PDMS inks
			Printing of complicated CNT/PDMS structures
			Performance characterization and application
			Printability of CNT/SMP inks
		PVC gel
			Printability of CNT/SMP inks
			Integrated printing fully flexible PVC gel
	Integrated polymer sensor and actuator via multi-material DIW
		Integrated multi-material DIW process
		Sensing and actuation performance
	Conclusions
	References
Chapter 5: 4D-printed stimuli-responsive hydrogels modeling and fabrication
	Introduction
	4D stimuli in hydrogels
		Humidity
		Temperature
		pH
		Ion concentration
		Electric field
		Light
	Smart hydrogels design strategies
		Crosslinkers
		Clays
		Other rheological correctors
	Fabrication techniques
		Stereolithography (SLA)
		Digital light processing (DLP)
		Fused deposition modeling (FDM)
	Smart polymers for responsive hydrogels
		Harnessing 4D printing in synthetic polymers
			Poly(N-isopropyl acrylamide) (PNIPAAm)
			Acrylate and methacrylate-based polymers
			Other synthetic polymers
			Commercially available polymers
		Natural polymers
			Alginate
			Agarose
			Other natural polymers
	Conclusions
	Acknowledgments
	References
Chapter 6: 4D bioprinting: Fabrication approaches and biomedical applications
	Introduction
	4D bioprinting
		Principles of smart materials
		Common 4D biofabrication approaches
			In vitro 4D bioprinting of smart scaffolds
				Temperature-actuated 4D bioprinting
				Humidity or aqueous-actuated 4D bioprinting
				Magnetic-actuated 4D bioprinting
				Electrical-actuated 4D bioprinting
			In vivo 4D bioprinting
			Hybrid techniques
		Applications
	Current limitations and future perspectives of 4D bioprinting
	Conclusions
	References
Chapter 7: 4D Microprinting
	Introduction to 4D printing at the microscale
	4D microstructures based on stimuli-responsive hydrogels
		Soft microactuators
		Bioapplications
	Shape memory in 4D microprinting
		Examples of shape memory microstructures
	Liquid crystalline 4D microstructures
		Liquid crystalline microrobots
		Tunable microoptic devices
	Composite materials in 4D microprinting
		Helical microrobots
		Helical microswimmers for drug delivery
		Other magnetic microswimmers
		Synergic systems: Magnetic microstructures and biological cells
	Conclusion and outlook
	References
Chapter 8: 4D printing of gels and soft materials
	Introduction
	Different types of soft materials in 4D printing
	4D printing with hydrogel-based system
		Single material structure
			Multimaterial hydrogel structures
		4D printing with elastomeric materials and nanocomposites
		4D printing with electro active polymers
	Applications of 4D printing based on soft materials
		Biobased applications
		4D printing applications in soft robotics
		Miscellaneous applications
		Challenges and future prospects
	References
Chapter 9: 4D printing of natural fiber composite
	Introduction
	Natural fibers and their composites: A background
		Fiber scale
		Composite scale
	Hygromorph biocomposites (HBCs): Novel functionality for natural fiber biocomposite inspired from adaptive biological structure
		Top-down biomimicry approach
		Hygromorph biocomposites
			Actuation performance evaluation
			Design framework: Bimetallic theory
			Effect of fiber content, interfacial shear strength, and fiber type on actuation
	4D printing of HBC
		Generality on 4D printing
		Natural fiber for 4D printing
		Outlook
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 10: Functionalized 4D-printed sensor systems
	Additive fabrication technologies
		3D-printing
		4D-printing
		Functionalized sensor systems
	Applications
		3D-printed tactile sensors
		3D-printed biosensors
		3D-printed flow sensors
		3D-printed pressure and stress sensors
		Liquid-metal pressure sensors
		Capacitive sensing
		Robotic and wearable medical applications
		3D-printed sensors in 4D-printing
		4D-printing in soft robotics
		Printed sensors in soft robotics
	Outlook for additive manufacturing
	4D-printed sensor development
		Pressure sensor development
			Needed materials
			Sensor fabrication
			Sensor testing
		Soft tactile sensor development
			Needed materials
			Sensor fabrication
			Sensor testing
		Energy harvesting and self-powered sensor
			Needed materials
			Sensor fabrication
				AgNW preparation
				SMP filament preparation
			Sensor testing
	Conclusion
	References
	Further reading
Chapter 11: Origami-inspired 4D printing
	Introduction
	Materials and methods
	Design concepts and fabrication techniques
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 12: Reversible 4D printing
	Introduction
	Reversible shape memory polymers (SMPs)
	Reversible 4D printing
		Stress-inducing layer techniques
		Magnetic particles embedded structures
		Summary
	Challenges and the future
	References
Chapter 13: Roadmapping 4D printing through disruptive ideas
	Introduction
		General framework
		From general to specific: 4D printing
		Respect of the criticality
	A matter of definition
	Where are we in 4D printing?
		Active scan
			Economic balance
			State in terms of publications
		Preferred 4D topics
		Stimuli limitations
			Between 3D objects and 4D stimulations
	A survey to break the deadlock?
	Toward a roadmap?
		Stimulation methods and current limitations
		Looking outside
		Organizational (and financial) aspects
	Conclusion
	References
	Further reading
Index
Back Cover