Smart Grids for Smart Cities, Volume 1: Real-Time Applications in Smart Cities

Cover
Title Page
Copyright Page
Contents
Preface
Chapter 1 Carbon-Free Fuel and the Social Gap: The Analysis
	1.1 Introduction
	1.2 Objectives
	1.3 Study Areas
		1.3.1 Community A
		1.3.2 Community B
		1.3.3 Community C
		1.3.4 Community D
	1.4 Data Collection
	1.5 Data Analysis
	1.6 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 2 Opportunities of Translating Mobile Base Transceiver Station (BTS) for EV Charging Through Energy Management Systems in DC Microgrid
	2.1 Introduction
		2.1.1 Telecom Sector in India
		2.1.2 Overview of Base Transceiver Station (BTS)
		2.1.3 Electric Vehicle in India
		2.1.4 Evolution of EV Charging Station
	2.2 Translating Mobile Base Transceiver Station (BTS) for EV Charging
		2.2.1 Mobile Base Transceiver Station (BTS) for EV Charging – A Substitute or Complementary Solution?
		2.2.2 Proposed Methodology
		2.2.3 System Description
			2.2.3.1 Solar PV Array
			2.2.3.2 DC-DC Boost Converter
			2.2.3.3 Rectifier
			2.2.3.4 Battery Backup System
			2.2.3.5 Charge Controller
			2.2.3.6 Bidirectional Converter
	2.3 Implementation of Energy Management System in Base Transceiver Station (BTS)
		2.3.1 Introduction
		2.3.2 Control Strategies
			2.3.2.1 MPPT Control
			2.3.2.2 Charge Controller Control
			2.3.2.3 Bidirectional Converter Control
		2.3.3 Power Supervisory and Control Algorithm (PSCA)
			2.3.3.1 Grid Available Mode
			2.3.3.2 Grid Fault Mode
		2.3.4 Results and Discussions
			2.3.4.1 Grid Available Mode
			2.3.4.2 Grid Failure Mode
	2.4 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 3 A Review on Advanced Control Techniques for Multi-Input Power Converters for Various Applications
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Multi-Input Magnetically Connected Power Converters
		3.2.1 Dual-Source Power DC to DC Converter with Buck-Boost Arrangement
		3.2.2 Bidirectional Multi-Input Arrangement
		3.2.3 Full-Bridge Boost DC-DC Converter Formation
		3.2.4 Multi-Input Power Converter with Half-Bridge and Full Bridge Configuration
	3.3 Electrically Coupled Multi-Input Power DC-DC Converters
		3.3.1 Combination of Electrically Linked Multi-Input DC/DC Power Converter
		3.3.2 Multi-Input Power Converters in Series or Parallel Connection
		3.3.3 Multi-Input DC/DC Fundamental Power Converters
		3.3.4 Multiple-Input Boost Converter for RES
		3.3.5 Multi-Input Buck-Boost/Buck/Boost-Boost Based Converter
		3.3.6 Multi-Input Buck-Boost/Buck/Boost-Boost Based Converter
		3.3.7 Multi-Input DC/DC Converter Using ZVS (Zero Voltage Switching)
		3.3.8 Multi-Input DC-DC Converter Based Three Switches Leg
		3.3.9 Multi-Input Converter Constructed on Switched Inductor/Switched Capacitor/Diode Capacitor
		3.3.10 High/Modular VTR Multi-Input Converters
		3.3.11 Multi/Input and Multi/Output (MIMO) Power Converter
	3.4 Electro Magnetically Coupled Multi-Input Power DC/DC Converters
		3.4.1 Direct Charge Multi-Input DC/DC Power Converter
		3.4.2 Boost-Integrated Full-Bridge DC-DC Power Converter
		3.4.3 Isolated Dual-Port Power Converter for Immediate Power Management
		3.4.4 Dual Port Converter with Non-Isolated and Isolated Ports
		3.4.5 Multi-Port ZVS And ZCS DC-DC Converter
		3.4.6 Combined DC-Link and Magnetically Coupled DC/DC Power Converter
		3.4.7 Three-Level Dual-Input DC-DC Converter
		3.4.8 Half-Bridge Tri-Modal DC-DC Converter
		3.4.9 Bidirectional Converter with Various Collective Battery Storage Input Sources
	3.5 Different Control Methods Used in Multi-Input DC-DC Power Converters
		3.5.1 Proportional Integral Derivation Controller (PID)
		3.5.2 Model Predictive Control Method (MPC)
		3.5.3 State Space Modelling (SSM)
		3.5.4 Fuzzy Logic Control (FLC)
		3.5.5 Sliding Mode Control (SMC)
	3.6 Comparison and Future Scope of Work
		3.6.1 Comparison and Discussion
	3.7 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 4 Case Study: Optimized LT Cable Sizing for an IT Campus
	Abbreviations
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Methodology
		4.2.1 Algorithm for Cable Sizing
	4.3 Results and Discussion
		4.3.1 Feeder Schedule
		4.3.2 Design Consideration for LT Power Cable
		4.3.3 Cable Sizing & Voltage Drop Calculation
	4.4 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 5 Advanced Control Architecture for Interlinking Converter in Autonomous AC, DC and Hybrid AC/DC Micro Grids
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Prototype Model of IC
	5.3 Implemented Photo Voltaic System
	5.4 Highly Reliable and Efficient (HRE) Configurations
	5.5 MATLAB Simulink Results
	5.6 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 6 Optimal Power Flow Analysis in Distributed Grid Connected Photovoltaic Systems
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 System Development and Design Parameters
	6.3 Proposed Algorithm
	6.4 Results and Discussion
	6.5 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 7 Reliability Assessment for Solar and Wind Renewable Energy in Generation System Planning
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Generation & Load Model
		7.2.1 Generation Model-RBTS
		7.2.2 Wind Power Generation Model
			7.2.2.1 Wind Speed and Wind Turbine Output Model
		7.2.3 Solar Power Generation Model
			7.2.3.1 Solar Radiation and Solar Power Output Model
		7.2.4 Load Model
	7.3 Results and Analysis
	7.3.1 Reliability Indices Evaluation for Different Scenario
	7.4 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 8 Implementation of Savonius Blad Wind Tree Structure by Super Lift Luo Converter for Smart Grid Applications and Benefits to Smart City
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 Savonius Wind Turbine – Performance Design
	8.3 Design Modules
	8.4 Results and Discussion
	8.5 Positive Output Super Lift Luo Converter
	8.6 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 9 Analysis: An Incorporation of PV and Battery for DC Scattered System
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 Block Diagram of Proposed System
		9.2.1 Determine the Load Profile
		9.2.2 Duration of Autonomy and Recharge
		9.2.3 Select the Battery Rating
		9.2.4 Sizing the PV Array
		9.2.5 Analysis of Boost Converter
			9.2.5.1 To Select a Proper Inductor Value
			9.2.5.2 To Select a Proper Capacitor Value
	9.3 Proposed System Simulations
	9.4 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 10 Dead Time Compensation Scheme Using Space Vector PWM for 3Ø Inverter
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 Concept of Space Vector PWM
	10.3 Proteus Simulation
	10.4 Hardware Setup
		10.4.1 Total Harmonic Distortion
		10.4.2 Hardware Configuration
	10.5 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 11 Transformer-Less Grid Connected PV System Using TSRPWM Strategy with Single Phase 7 Level Multi-Level Inverter
	11.1 Introduction
	11.2 Proposed System
	11.3 DC-DC Influence Converter
	11.4 Controlling of 7-Level Inverter
	11.5 Controlling for Boost Converter and Inverter
	11.6 MATLAB Simulation Results
	11.7 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 12 An Enhanced Multi-Level Inverter Topology for HEV Applications
	12.1 Introduction
	12.2 E-MLI Topology
		12.2.1 Switching Operation of the E-MLI Topology
		12.2.2 Diode-Clamped Multi-Level Inverter (DC-MLI)
	12.3 PWM for the E-MLI Topology
		12.3.1 SPWM Based Switching for the E-MLI Topology
		12.3.2 Phase Opposition Disposition (POD) Scheme for DC-MLI
	12.4 Simulation Results & Discussions
	12.5 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 13 Improved Sheep Flock Heredity Algorithm-Based Optimal Pricing of RP
	13.1 Introduction
	13.2 RP Flow Tracing
		13.2.1 Intent Function
			13.2.1.1 System’s Price Loss After RP Compensation
			13.2.1.2 SVC Support Price for RP
			13.2.1.3 Diesel Generator RP Production Price
			13.2.1.4 Minimization Function
	13.3 Existing Methodologies
		13.3.1 Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO)
			13.3.1.1 PSO Parameter Settings
		13.3.2 Hybrid Particle Swarm Optimization (HPSO)
			13.3.2.1 Flowchart for HPSO
	13.4 Proposed Methodology
		13.4.1 Improved Sheep Flock Heredity Algorithm
		13.4.2 ISFHA Algorithm
	13.5 Case Study
		13.5.1 Realistic Seventy-Five Bus Indian System Wind Farm
	13.6 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 14 Dual Axis Solar Tracking with Weather Monitoring System by Using IR and LDR Sensors with Arduino UNO
	14.1 Introduction
	14.2 Associated Hardware Components Details
		14.2.1 Arduino Uno
		14.2.2 L293D Motor Driver
		14.2.3 LDR Sensor
		14.2.4 Solar Panel
		14.2.5 RPM 10 Motor
		14.2.6 Jumper Wires
		14.2.7 16×2 LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) Module with I2C
		14.2.8 DTH11 Sensor
		14.2.9 Rain Drop Sensor
	14.3 Methodology
		14.3.1 Dual Axis Solar Tracking System Working Model
		14.3.2 Dual Axis Solar Tracking System Schematic Diagram
	14.4 Results and Discussion
	14.5 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 15 Missing Data Imputation of an Off-Grid Solar Power Model for a Small-Scale System
	Abbreviations and Nomenclature
	15.1 Overview
	15.2 Literature Review
	15.3 AI/ML for Imputation of Missing Values
		15.3.1 CBR
		15.3.2 MICE
		15.3.3 Results and Discussion
			15.3.3.1 Data Collection
			15.3.3.2 Error Metrics
			15.3.3.3 Comparison Between CBR and MICE
	15.4 Applications of MICE in Imputation
	15.5 Summary
	References
Chapter 16 Power Theft in Smart Grids and Microgrids: Mini Review
	16.1 Introduction
	16.2 Smart Grids/Microgrids Security Threats and Challenges
		16.2.1 Security Threats to Smart Grid/Microgrid by Classification of Sources
			16.2.1.1 Smart Grid/Microgrid Threats Sources in Technical Point of View
		16.2.2 Sources of Smart Grids/Microgrids Threats in Non-Technical Point of View
			16.2.2.1 Security of Environment
			16.2.2.2 Regulatory Policies of Government
	16.3 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 17 Isolated SEPIC-Based DC-DC Converter for Solar Applications
	17.1 Introduction
	17.2 Converter Operation and Analysis
		17.2.1 Mode A
		17.2.2 Mode B
	17.3 Design Equations
	17.4 Simulation Results
	17.5 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 18 Hybrid Converter for Stand-Alone Solar Photovoltaic System
	18.1 Introduction
	18.2 Review on Converter Topology
	18.3 Block Diagram
	18.4 Existing Converter Topology
	18.5 Proposed Tapped Boost Hybrid Converter
		18.5.1 Novelty in the Circuit
		18.5.2 Converter Modes of Operation
	18.6 Derivation Part of Tapped Boost Hybrid Converter
		18.6.1 Voltage Gain
		18.6.2 Modulation Index
	18.7 Design Specification of the Converter
	18.8 Simulation Results for Both DC and AC Power Conversion
	18.9 Hardware Results
	18.10 TBHC Parameters for Simulation
	18.11 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 19 Analysis of Three-Phase Quasi Switched Boost Inverter Based on Switched Inductor-Switched Capacitor Structure
	19.1 Introduction
		19.1.1 Conventional Inverter (VSI)
		19.1.2 Z-Source Inverter (ZSI)
		19.1.3 SBI Based on SL-SC Structure
	19.2 Working Modes of Three-Phase SL-SC Circuit
		19.2.1 Shoot-Through State
		19.2.2 Non-Shoot-Through State
	19.3 Design of Three-Phase SL-SC Based Quasi Switched Boost Inverter
		19.3.1 Steady State Analysis of SL-SC Topology
		19.3.2 Design of Passive Elements
		19.3.3 Design Equations
		19.3.4 Design Specifications
	19.4 Simulation Results and Discussions
		19.4.1 Simulation Diagram of SBC PWM Technique
		19.4.2 SBC PWM Technique
		19.4.3 Switching Pulse Generated for the Power Switches
		19.4.4 Expanded Switching Pulse
		19.4.5 Input Current
		19.4.6 Current in Inductor L1
		19.4.7 Current in Inductor L2
		19.4.8 Capacitor Voltage VC2
		19.4.9 DC Link Voltage
		19.4.10 Output Load Voltage
		19.4.11 Output Load Current
	19.5 Performance Analysis
	19.6 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 20 Power Quality Improvement and Performance Enhancement of Distribution System Using D-STATCOM
	20.1 Introduction
	20.2 Distribution Static Synchronous Compensator (D-STATCOM)
	20.3 Modelling of Distribution System
		20.3.1 Single Machine System
		20.3.2 Modeling of IEEE 14 Bus System
	20.4 Simulation Results & Discussions
		20.4.1 Power Flow Analysis on Single Machine System
		20.4.2 Different Modes of Operation of D-STATCOM on Single Machine System
		20.4.3 Step Change in Reference Value of DC Link Voltage
	20.5 IEEE-14 Bus Systems
	20.6 Conclusion
	References
Index
EULA