Smart Cities: Blockchain-Based System, Networks, and Data

Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Contents
Preface
Acknowledgment
Authors
1. Introduction
	1.1. Approach to Development of Smart Cities
	1.2. Digital City Operating System – A Blockchain Perspective
		1.2.1. Users
		1.2.2. Applications
		1.2.3. Assistive Layer
			1.2.3.1. Blockchain Analytics Engine
		1.2.4. Hardware/Sensor Network
	1.3. Conclusion
	References
2. Blockchain and Smart City Fundamentals
	2.1. Introduction
		2.1.1. Blocks
		2.1.2. Miners
		2.1.3. Nodes
			2.1.3.1. Types of Blockchain Nodes
			2.1.3.2. Blockchain Nodes Security
	2.2. Fundamentals of Blockchain
		2.2.1. The Blockchain’s Cryptography
		2.2.2. Hash Functions
		2.2.3. Public Key Cryptography
		2.2.4. Blockchain Construction
		2.2.5. Chaining
		2.2.6. Blockchain Networks
		2.2.7. Blockchain Peer-to-Peer Network
		2.2.8. Blockchain Consensus
		2.2.9. Fundamentals of Consensus
		2.2.10. Consensus Implementation
		2.2.11. Proof of Work
		2.2.12. Proof of Stake
		2.2.13. Consensus Attacks
	2.3. Permissionless vs. Permissioned Blockchains
		2.3.1. Types of Blockchains
	2.4. Smart Contracts
		2.4.1. Introduction to Smart Contracts
		2.4.2. Smart Contracts Working Principle
		2.4.3. Examples of Smart Contracts
		2.4.4. Uses of Smart Contracts
		2.4.5. Advantages of Smart Contracts
		2.4.6. Limitations of Smart Contracts
	2.5. Blockchain Applications
	2.6. Smart City and Blockchain Technology
	2.7. Application of Blockchain in Smart Cities
	2.8. Conclusion
	References
3. Infrastructure
	3.1. Introduction
	3.2. Smart City Infrastructure
		3.2.1. Sub-Division of Smart City Infrastructure
	3.3. Interoperability
		3.3.1. Interoperability Issues
		3.3.2. Smart City Infrastructural Services
	3.4. Infrastructural Design
		3.4.1. Smart Homes
		3.4.2. Waste Management
		3.4.3. Rainwater Distribution
	3.5. A Blockchain-Enabled Smart City Infrastructure
		3.5.1. Blockchain-Enabled Infrastructure-Focused Approach
		3.5.2. Blockchain-Supported Smart City Platforms
		3.5.3. Blockchain-Controlled Smart City Infrastructural Regulations
		3.5.4. Blockchain Unit
		3.5.5. Analytic Platform
		3.5.6. Smart City Control Center
		3.5.7. IoT Connection
		3.5.8. Data Integration Platform
		3.5.9. Data Type Aggregation Center and Transmission
		3.5.10. Infrastructure Security Consideration
	References
4. Identities
	4.1. Introduction
	4.2. Digital Identities
	4.3. Digital Identity Life Cycle
	4.4. Life Cycle Management
	4.5. Identity Evolution
	4.6. How Does the Digital Identity Work?
		4.6.1. For Companies
		4.6.2. For IoT Devices
		4.6.3. For Individuals
	4.7. The Need for Blockchain-Based Identities
		4.7.1. Inaccessibility
		4.7.2. Data Insecurity
		4.7.3. Fraudulent Identities
	4.8. Decentralized Digital Identities
		4.8.1. The Creation of a Digital Identity
		4.8.2. Decentralized Identifier
		4.8.3. Security of Decentralized Identities
		4.8.4. The Use of Decentralized Identities
	4.9. The Use of Blockchain in Managing Identities
		4.9.1. Self-Sovereign Identity
		4.9.2. Data Monetization
		4.9.3. Data Portability
	4.10. People
	4.11. Conclusion
	References
5. Supply Chain
	5.1. Introduction
	5.2. Blockchain in Supply Chain Framework
		5.2.1. A Blockchain-Enabled Supply Chain Architecture for Smart Cities
		5.2.2. Good Processing
		5.2.3. Verification
		5.2.4. Considerations
		5.2.5. Operational Requirement
	5.3. Multi-Transporters
		5.3.1. Multi-Transporters Design
		5.3.2. The Seller
		5.3.3. Signing and Terms and Conditions
		5.3.4. Cancellation and Funding
		5.3.5. Expected Delivery Time
		5.3.6. Payment Settlement
	5.4. Supply Chain Equilibrium on a Game-Theory-Incentivized Blockchain Network
		5.4.1. A Game-Theory-Based Supply Chain
		5.4.2. Iterated Prisoners Dilemma
		5.4.3. Repeated Games
		5.4.4. Markov Decision Process
		5.4.5. Stackelberg Model
	5.5. Game-Theory-Incentivized Blockchain-Based Network Overview
		5.5.1. Game Theory Analysis
		5.5.2. Transparency
		5.5.3. State Change
		5.5.4. Infinite Games
		5.5.5. Establishing Nash Equilibrium
	5.6. Conclusions
	References
6. Smart Transportation
	6.1. Introduction
	6.2. Framework for Transportation
	6.3. Mobility as a Service
	6.4. General Structure of MaaS
		6.4.1. Ensuring Confidentiality
		6.4.2. Cryptographic Schemes
		6.4.3. Vulnerabilities of Smart Contracts
		6.4.4. Vital Role
		6.4.5. Impact
	6.5. Incentive for Intelligent Transport Systems
		6.5.1. Proposition of Ideas
	6.6. Blockchain in Vehicular Systems
		6.6.1. Blockchain in Information Sharing for Transportation Systems
		6.6.2. Blockchain in Vehicular Consensus Processing
	6.7. VANET
		6.7.1. The Internet of Vehicles (IoV)
		6.7.2. Software Defined Networking (SDN)
	6.8. Blockchain-SDN IoV Design
	6.9. Certificate Issuance and Revocation
		6.9.1. Certificate Issuance and Revocation
		6.9.2. Communication Model
		6.9.3. Network Trust Model
	6.10. Conclusion
	References
7. Smart Health
	7.1. Introduction
	7.2. Preliminaries
		7.2.1. Cryptographic Keys
		7.2.2. Smart Contracts
	7.3. System Design
	7.4. Construction
	7.5. Conclusion
	References
8. Smart City Contracting
	8.1. Introduction
		8.1.1. Incentive Theory
		8.1.2. Transaction Cost Theory
		8.1.3. Contracting
		8.1.4. Contract Duration
		8.1.5. Decision Trees
	8.2. Contract Setup for Multiple Organizations
		8.2.1. Registration
		8.2.2. Recruitment
		8.2.3. Outsource
		8.2.4. Subcontracting
		8.2.5. Negotiation
		8.2.6. Managing Trading Unions
	8.3. Dispute Resolution on the Blockchain
		8.3.1. Mediation
		8.3.2. Multi-Arbitration and Multi-Contracting Arbitration
		8.3.3. Arbitration Scheme
		8.3.4. Arbitration Calls
	8.4. Sub-Contract Procedure Mechanisms
		8.4.1. Contract-Contract Consolidation
		8.4.2. Arbitration-Arbitration Consolidation
		8.4.3. Sub-Arbitration
		8.4.4. Invitation
		8.4.5. Dispute Negotiation
		8.4.6. Blockchain-Based Arbitrators
		8.4.7. Arbitration Appeal
	8.5. Internal Contracting Considerations
		8.5.1. Security
		8.5.2. General Contract Design
		8.5.3. Contract Termination
	8.6. Contract Analysis
		8.6.1. Post-Facto
		8.6.2. Interaction between Contracting Parties
		8.6.3. Allocating Decision Rights between Contracting Parties
		8.6.4. No Leverage Constraints between Both Party A and Party B
		8.6.5. Leverage Constraints
	8.7. Conclusion
	References
9. Smart Energy
	9.1. Introduction
	9.2. Preliminaries
		9.2.1. Blockchain
		9.2.2. Smart Meter
		9.2.3. Internet of Things
		9.2.4. Smart Contracts
		9.2.5. Smart Grid vs. Traditional Grids
		9.2.6. Cryptographic Keys
	9.3. System Design
		9.3.1. Initials
		9.3.2. User Layer
		9.3.3. Data Processing and Monitoring Layer
		9.3.4. Registration and Authentication Center
		9.3.5. Processing and Consensus Nodes
		9.3.6. Smart Contract Center
		9.3.7. Energy Production and Data Storage Center
	9.4. Data Flow on the Entire System Description
	9.5. Smart Contract Design
	9.6. Blockchain Design (Secureness of the System)
		9.6.1. Parent Block Structure
		9.6.2. Side Block Structure
	9.7. Conclusion
	References
10. Tokenization of Energy Systems
	10.1. Introduction
		10.1.1. NRE/RE Tokenized Blockchain-Based Energy Contracting
		10.1.2. Tokenized Systems
		10.1.3. Automated Market Makers
	10.2. Proposed Solution
		10.2.1. Registration
		10.2.2. Setup
		10.2.3. Proposed Smart City Module
		10.2.4. Blockchain-Based Monitoring of NRE/RE Ecosystem
		10.2.5. Tracking of Energy Generated
		10.2.6. Decarbonization within NRE Ecosystems
	10.3. Proposed Decarbonization Functional Procedure
		10.3.1. Design of Proposed NRE/RE Decarbonization Contract
		10.3.2. Proposed Blockchain-Based Energy Market
		10.3.3. Token Generation
		10.3.4. Energy Funders
		10.3.5. Bidding on Energy Token Type
		10.3.6. Blockchain-Based Energy Market Token Pairing
		10.3.7. Rebalancing of Tokens Generated
	10.4. Energy Trading
		10.4.1. NRE/RE Energy Market Trading
		10.4.2. InterEnergy Type Token Request and Transaction
		10.4.3. Feasibility of Energy Exchange Across Energy Markets
		10.4.4. Energy Storage and Supply for Trading
		10.4.5. Negotiation Analysis between RE/NRE Buyer and Supplier
		10.4.6. Energy Token-Price Fluctuation Analysis
	10.5. Conclusion
	References
11. Smart City Governance
	11.1. Introduction
	11.2. Urban City Challenges
		11.2.1. Governance Challenges
		11.2.2. Economic Challenges
		11.2.3. Mobility Challenges
		11.2.4. Pollution
		11.2.5. People Challenges
	11.3. Blockchain
	11.4. The Role of Blockchain in City Governance
		11.4.1. Citizenship and Democracy
		11.4.2. Asset and Land Usage
		11.4.3. Infrastructure and Services
		11.4.4. Ecosystems of Values
		11.4.5. Government and Public Tenders
	11.5. Conclusion
	References
Index