Smart Buildings Digitalization: IoT and Energy Efficient Smart Buildings Architecture and Applications

Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
Preface
Editors
Contributors
Chapter 1 Building Smart Cities and Smarter Data Centers for the 21st-Century Global Citizen: A Brief Study
	1.1 Introduction: A Backdrop of Accessibility to Energy Globally and Also with India in Perspective: The Need for Smart Cities
	1.2 The Need for Smart Cities
		1.2.1 Brief Synopses on India’s Utilization of Energy Supply and Challenges
	1.3 The Cost of Electricity
	1.4 The New Normal as Countries Shift to Smart Technology and Smart Cities Powered by Intelligent Data Centers
	1.5 Data Centers that Keep Smart Cities Going – The Brains Behind
	Bibliography
Chapter 2 Big Data for SMART Sensor and Intelligent Electronic Devices – Building Application
	Acronym
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 The Emergence and Considering Big Data toward Building Application
	2.3 The Principle of Smart Buildings
	2.4 What Is the Purpose of Designing Smart Buildings?
	2.5 Application Domain
	2.6 The Big Data Challenges and Benefits in Buildings
	2.7 The Important Process in Smart Buildings
		2.7.1 Technology and Protocols
		2.7.2 Data Acquisition and Storage
	2.8 Smart Sensors Generator of Big Data
	2.9 Big Data Sources
	2.10 Smart Building Application
	2.11 HVAC Operation Management in a Smart Building
	2.12 Developed Tenant Comfort Air Quality Condition
	2.13 Secure Smart Access Control for Building Access
		2.13.1 Index for Access Control
		2.13.2 Mobile Technologies for Greater Security
		2.13.3 Smart Access Control in Smart Building
		2.13.4 Security Control System
	2.14 Safety or Security Applications in Smart Sensors and Big Data
	2.15 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 3 IoT-Based Condition Monitoring and Automatic Control of Rotating Machines
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Related Work
	3.3 Proposed System
	3.4 Results and Discussion
	3.5 Conclusion and Future Scope
	References
Chapter 4 Design of CNTFET-Based Ternary Processor for IoT Devices
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Carbon Nanotube FET
	4.3 Ternary Control Unit
	4.4 Ternary ALU
	4.5 Ternary Memory Unit
	4.6 Ternary Processor
	4.7 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 5 IoT-Based Smart Buildings
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Literature Review
	5.3 The Proposed System
	5.4 Implementation
		5.4.1 Process Flow
	5.5 Software Simulation
	5.6 Hardware Implementation
	5.7 The Analysis
	5.8 Results
	5.9 Comparative Analysis
	5.10 Conclusion and Future Work
	References
Chapter 6 Benefits of Smart Buildings
	6.1 What Are Smart Buildings?
	6.2 What Are the Key Components of the Smart Building?
	6.3 How Buildings Become Smarter?
	6.4 What Are the Major Benefits of Smart Buildings?
		6.4.1 Predictive Maintenance
	6.5 More Occupant Productivity
	6.6 Efficient Consumption of Energy
	6.7 Smart Buildings Result in Increasing the Asset Value
	6.8 Real-Time Action Becomes Easier with the Use of Smart Technology
	6.9 Smart Buildings Anticipate Well in Advance
		6.9.1 Improved Reliability
		6.9.2 Improve Economics
		6.9.3 Improve Efficiency
		6.9.4 Improved Environment
	6.10 Conclusion
Chapter 7 An Approach to Realize Luxury Transit Residential Tower Aided with State-of-the-Art Automation Technologies
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Literature Review
	7.3 HVAC Project Design
		7.3.1 VRF Systems
		7.3.2 High Wall/Cassette Units
		7.3.3 Energy Recovery Ventilators
		7.3.4 Condensing Unit
		7.3.5 Toilet Ventilation
		7.3.6 Kitchen Ventilation
		7.3.7 VRF Control Units
		7.3.8 Common Areas of the Apartment Tower
		7.3.9 Electric Metering and Billing Systems for HVAC System
	7.4 BHK: HVAC System Proposal
		7.4.1 Electrical Services
			7.4.1.1 Source of Power
			7.4.1.2 Subdistribution of Power
			7.4.1.3 Standby Power
			7.4.1.4 Metering with Communication
			7.4.1.5 Cable and Wires
			7.4.1.6 Cable Trays and Raceways
			7.4.1.7 Conduits
			7.4.1.8 Wiring Devices
			7.4.1.9 Light Fixtures
			7.4.1.10 Home Automation System
			7.4.1.11 Surge Protection System
			7.4.1.12 Earthing
		7.4.2 Fire Alarm and Public Evacuation System
		7.4.3 Lighting System for the Apartments
		7.4.4 Lighting System for the Public Areas
		7.4.5 Plumbing System
		7.4.6 Fire Protection System
	7.5 Information and Communication Technology Infrastructure Services
		7.5.1 Introduction
		7.5.2 Services Offered
		7.5.3 Apartment Consolidation Panel
			7.5.3.1 Internet
			7.5.3.2 Wireless Access Point (WAP)
			7.5.3.3 Telephone
			7.5.3.4 SMATV
	7.6 Security
		7.6.1 Standards
		7.6.2 Surveillance
		7.6.3 Lighting
		7.6.4 Access
		7.6.5 Safety Features Provided in the Case Study
	7.7 Vertical Transportation in ITC One Colombo One Residential Tower
	7.8 Proposed Remote Control Unit Logic for Use Cases/Settings
		7.8.1 First Guest Arrival (The Guest Has Arrived to the Room after Check-in)
		7.8.2 Guest Card Removal (When the Guest Leaves the Room)
		7.8.3 Subsequent Guest Arrival
		7.8.4 Privacy Setting (DND)
		7.8.5 MMR
		7.8.6 Housekeeping Arrival
		7.8.7 Evening Turn Down
		7.8.8 Bedside Master Switch
		7.8.9 Good Night Switch
		7.8.10 Valet Service Function – Laundry Service
		7.8.11 Movement Sensor
	7.9 Bypassed Circuits
		7.9.1 Corridor Panel
		7.9.2 Door Strike Operation
		7.9.3 Other Specifications
		7.9.4 Laptop Software Utility for Trouble-shooting to Work with the Same Communication Port and Same Communication Protocol, Provided for iPad Solution
	7.10 Proposed Remote Control Unit Logic for TV Mute System-Use Cases/Settings
		7.10.1 Single TV Room: Main Room TV On – Bedside/Bathroom Phone Ring
		7.10.2 Multiple TV Room: Bedroom TV On, Living Room TV On – All Phones Ring
		7.10.3 Communication with TV for Mute/Unmute Command/Status
	7.11 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 8 ANN-Based Overcurrent Relay Using the Levenberg–Marquardt Algorithm for Smart Cities
	8.1 Introduction: Background and Driving Forces
	8.2 Design
	8.3 Overview of Levenberg–Marquardt Algorithm
	8.4 Algorithm Developed
	8.5 Results and Discussion
	8.6 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 9 A Neural Network–Based Vector Control Scheme for Regenerative Converters to Use in Elevator Systems
	9.1 Introduction: Background and Driving Forces
	9.2 Existing Elevator Systems
	9.3 Conventional Braking Resistors
	9.4 New AC/DC Bidirectional Converter
	9.5 Measurement of Input Parameters in the System
		9.5.1 Utility Side AC Voltage (V), Current (A), Frequency (Hz), and Energy (kWh)
		9.5.2 Traction Motor Speed (rpm)
		9.5.3 Elevator Load (kg)
		9.5.4 Elevator Travelling Direction (Up/Down)
	9.6 System Data Inputs
	9.7 Summary of PI Regulator Model Simulated Data
	9.8 Proposed System Overview
	9.9 Proposed System Block Diagram
	9.10 Simulink Model of NN-Based Control System
	9.11 System Outputs
	9.12 Comparison of Output Data
	9.13 Energy Calculation Results
	9.14 Average Energy Improvement
	9.15 Improvements in Input Signal Quality
	9.16 Overall System Improvements
	9.17 System Limitations
	References
Chapter 10 Protection in Smart Building: Mini Review
	10.1 Introduction: Smart Building
	10.2 Architecture of Smart Buildings
	10.3 Need of Smart Buildings
	10.4 Protection Issues in Microgrid
	10.5 Challenges and Solutions for the Protection of Microgrid
	10.6 Protection Strategies of Smart Buildings in Microgrid
	10.7 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 11 A Review of Bio-Inspired Computational Intelligence Algorithms in Electricity Load Forecasting
	11.1 Introduction
	11.2 Bio-Inspired Computing
	11.3 Evolution-Based Optimization Algorithm
		11.3.1 Genetic Algorithm
		11.3.2 Differential Evolution Algorithm
	11.4 Swarm Intelligence-Based Optimization Algorithm
		11.4.1 Particle Swarm Optimization
		11.4.2 Ant Colony Optimization
		11.4.3 Bees Colony Optimization
		11.4.4 Firefly Optimization
		11.4.5 Bat Algorithm
		11.4.6 Gray Wolf Algorithm
		11.4.7 Cuckoo Search Algorithms
	11.5 Artificial Immune System-Based Optimization Algorithm
	11.6 Neural System-Based Algorithm
	11.7 Role of Bio-Inspired Computational Intelligence Algorithms in Load Forecasting
	11.8 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 12 Arduino-Based Fault Detection Schemes for DC Microgrids
	Abbreviations
	12.1 Introduction
	12.2 DC Microgrid Configuration
	12.3 Modeling of DC Microgrid
		12.3.1 Modeling of Photovoltaic Cell
		12.3.2 Modeling of Wind Generation System
		12.3.3 Modeling of Capacitor Bank
		12.3.4 Modeling of Battery System
	12.4 Fault Detection Based on Relay Communication in DC Microgrid
	12.5 Conclusion and Future Work
	References
Chapter 13 Characterizing Voltage-Dependent Loads and Frequency-Dependent Loads for Load Stability Analysis
	13.1 Voltage Stability Elucidation
	13.2 Problem Statement
	13.3 Material and Method for Implementation
		13.3.1 Voltage-Dependant Load Models
		13.3.2 Frequency-Dependent Load Models
		13.3.3 Binary Search Algorithm
		13.3.4 Thyristor-Controlled Series Capacitor
		13.3.5 Test System
	13.4 Implementation
	13.5 Culmination
	13.6 Further Scope for Research
	References
Chapter 14 Enabling Technologies for Smart Buildings: High Power Density Power Electronic Converters
	14.1 Introduction: Background and Driving Forces
	14.2 Dependency and Practical Issues: To Enable High Power Density
	14.3 Integrated Power Device Technology
	14.4 Wide Bandgap Technology
	14.5 Embedded Microjets—Thermal Management
	14.6 Micro-electromechanical System (MEMS) Inductors
	14.7 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 15 Benefits of Smart Meters in Institutional Building – A Case Study
	15.1 Introduction
	15.2 Data Collection and Handling
	15.3 Tool and Software
	15.4 Classification of Dataset
	15.5 Load Behavior Pattern
	References
Chapter 16 Placement of Distributed Generation (DG) and Reconfiguration in Radial Distribution Systems – A Review in View of the Smart Building Concept
	16.1 Introduction
	16.2 Microgrids
	16.3 Radial Distribution Structure/Network
		16.3.1 Optimal Power Flow
		16.3.2 Constraints
	16.4 Power Loss Minimization
	16.5 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 17 Photovoltaic System-Integrated Smart Buildings: A Mini Review
	Abbreviations
	17.1 Introduction
	17.2 Stand-Alone and Grid-Connected PV Systems
	17.3 SAPV System
	17.4 Energy Storage and Management in PV Systems
	17.5 Climatic Effects on PV Systems
	17.6 Case Study on Real-Time PV Applications
	17.7 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 18 Design of a Hybrid Photovoltaic and Battery Energy Storage System Using HOMER Software
	18.1 Introduction
	18.2 Economic Utility
		18.2.1 Definition
		18.2.2 Assumptions
	18.3 Environmental Impacts
	18.4 Application of HOMER
	18.5 Performance of HOMER
	18.6 Metrics for Design and Consequence
	References
Chapter 19 AI Applications to Renewable Energy – An Analysis
	19.1 Introduction
	19.2 Latest Research of AI in Renewables
	19.3 Potential Scope for Research
	19.4 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 20 Development of UAV-Based Aerial Observation Platform to Monitor Medium-Voltage Networks in Urban Areas
	20.1 Introduction
		20.1.1 Background
			20.1.1.1 Sri Lankan Distribution Network
		20.1.2 Problem Statement
		20.1.3 Objectives of the Study
		20.1.4 Motivation
		20.1.5 Methodology
	20.2 Literature Review
	20.3 Design and Development
		20.3.1 Fault Identification
			20.3.1.1 Correction of Object Perspective due to Different Capturing Angle
			20.3.1.2 Pattern Recognition
			20.3.1.3 Pattern Clustering
		20.3.2 Development of the Quadcopter
			20.3.2.1 Design Inputs
			20.3.2.2 Design Calculations
			20.3.2.3 Kinematics
			20.3.2.4 Electrical Forces (Motors)
			20.3.2.5 Aerodynamic Forces
			20.3.2.6 Dynamics of the Quadcopter
			20.3.2.7 Components Used in the Design
	20.4 Testing and Validation
		20.4.1 Obtaining Images to Study the Assembly in Details
			20.4.1.1 Insulation Assembly
			20.4.1.2 DDLO and Surge Arrester Assembly
			20.4.1.3 Transformer LV Bushing
		20.4.2 Feeder Line Surveying
		20.4.3 Image Patch and Defect Identification Algorithm Testing
		20.4.4 Quadcopter Testing
			20.4.4.1 Tuning the Parameters
			20.4.4.2 Control Signal vs Drone Response with Initial Parameters
			20.4.4.3 Control Signal vs Drone Response after Applying the Current Parameters
			20.4.4.4 Altitude Holding Function
			20.4.4.5 Impact Analysis on Time and Space Requirement for Inspection Process
		20.4.5 Limitation of the Study
	20.5 Conclusion
	References
Appendix 1
Index